/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  GDAL Core
 * Purpose:  Base class for format specific band class implementation.  This
 *           base class provides default implementation for many methods.
 * Author:   Frank Warmerdam, warmerdam@pobox.com
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 1998, Frank Warmerdam
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2016, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys dot com>
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "cpl_port.h"
#include "gdal_priv.h"

#include <climits>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdarg>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstring>
#include <algorithm>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <new>
#include <type_traits>

#include "cpl_conv.h"
#include "cpl_error.h"
#include "cpl_progress.h"
#include "cpl_string.h"
#include "cpl_virtualmem.h"
#include "cpl_vsi.h"
#include "gdal.h"
#include "gdal_rat.h"
#include "gdal_priv_templates.hpp"

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GDALRasterBand()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/*! Constructor. Applications should never create GDALRasterBands directly. */

GDALRasterBand::GDALRasterBand()
    : GDALRasterBand(
          CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_FORCE_CACHING", "NO")))
{
}

/** Constructor. Applications should never create GDALRasterBands directly.
 * @param bForceCachedIOIn Whether cached IO should be forced.
 */
GDALRasterBand::GDALRasterBand(int bForceCachedIOIn)
    : bForceCachedIO(bForceCachedIOIn)

{
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          ~GDALRasterBand()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/*! Destructor. Applications should never destroy GDALRasterBands directly,
    instead destroy the GDALDataset. */

GDALRasterBand::~GDALRasterBand()

{
    if (poDS && poDS->IsMarkedSuppressOnClose())
    {
        if (poBandBlockCache)
            poBandBlockCache->DisableDirtyBlockWriting();
    }
    GDALRasterBand::FlushCache(true);

    delete poBandBlockCache;

    if (static_cast<GIntBig>(nBlockReads) >
            static_cast<GIntBig>(nBlocksPerRow) * nBlocksPerColumn &&
        nBand == 1 && poDS != nullptr)
    {
        CPLDebug("GDAL", "%d block reads on %d block band 1 of %s.",
                 nBlockReads, nBlocksPerRow * nBlocksPerColumn,
                 poDS->GetDescription());
    }

    InvalidateMaskBand();
    nBand = -nBand;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              RasterIO()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::IRasterIO( GDALRWFlag eRWFlag,
 *                                int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
 *                                void * pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
 *                                GDALDataType eBufType,
 *                                GSpacing nPixelSpace,
 *                                GSpacing nLineSpace,
 *                                GDALRasterIOExtraArg* psExtraArg )
 * \brief Read/write a region of image data for this band.
 *
 * This method allows reading a region of a GDALRasterBand into a buffer,
 * or writing data from a buffer into a region of a GDALRasterBand. It
 * automatically takes care of data type translation if the data type
 * (eBufType) of the buffer is different than that of the GDALRasterBand.
 * The method also takes care of image decimation / replication if the
 * buffer size (nBufXSize x nBufYSize) is different than the size of the
 * region being accessed (nXSize x nYSize).
 *
 * The nPixelSpace and nLineSpace parameters allow reading into or
 * writing from unusually organized buffers. This is primarily used
 * for buffers containing more than one bands raster data in interleaved
 * format.
 *
 * Some formats may efficiently implement decimation into a buffer by
 * reading from lower resolution overview images. The logic of the default
 * implementation in the base class GDALRasterBand is the following one. It
 * computes a target_downscaling_factor from the window of interest and buffer
 * size which is min(nXSize/nBufXSize, nYSize/nBufYSize).
 * It then walks through overviews and will select the first one whose
 * downscaling factor is greater than target_downscaling_factor / 1.2.
 *
 * Let's assume we have overviews at downscaling factors 2, 4 and 8.
 * The relationship between target_downscaling_factor and the select overview
 * level is the following one:
 *
 * target_downscaling_factor  | selected_overview
 * -------------------------  | -----------------
 * ]0,       2 / 1.2]         | full resolution band
 * ]2 / 1.2, 4 / 1.2]         | 2x downsampled band
 * ]4 / 1.2, 8 / 1.2]         | 4x downsampled band
 * ]8 / 1.2, infinity[        | 8x downsampled band
 *
 * Note that starting with GDAL 3.9, this 1.2 oversampling factor can be
 * modified by setting the GDAL_OVERVIEW_OVERSAMPLING_THRESHOLD configuration
 * option. Also note that starting with GDAL 3.9, when the resampling algorithm
 * specified in psExtraArg->eResampleAlg is different from GRIORA_NearestNeighbour,
 * this oversampling threshold defaults to 1. Consequently if there are overviews
 * of downscaling factor 2, 4 and 8, and the desired downscaling factor is
 * 7.99, the overview of factor 4 will be selected for a non nearest resampling.
 *
 * For highest performance full resolution data access, read and write
 * on "block boundaries" as returned by GetBlockSize(), or use the
 * ReadBlock() and WriteBlock() methods.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C GDALRasterIO() or GDALRasterIOEx()
 * functions.
 *
 * @param eRWFlag Either GF_Read to read a region of data, or GF_Write to
 * write a region of data.
 *
 * @param nXOff The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the left side.
 *
 * @param nYOff The line offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the top.
 *
 * @param nXSize The width of the region of the band to be accessed in pixels.
 *
 * @param nYSize The height of the region of the band to be accessed in lines.
 *
 * @param pData The buffer into which the data should be read, or from which
 * it should be written. This buffer must contain at least nBufXSize *
 * nBufYSize words of type eBufType. It is organized in left to right,
 * top to bottom pixel order. Spacing is controlled by the nPixelSpace,
 * and nLineSpace parameters.
 * Note that even with eRWFlag==GF_Write, the content of the buffer might be
 * temporarily modified during the execution of this method (and eventually
 * restored back to its original content), so it is not safe to use a buffer
 * stored in a read-only section of the calling program.
 *
 * @param nBufXSize the width of the buffer image into which the desired region
 * is to be read, or from which it is to be written.
 *
 * @param nBufYSize the height of the buffer image into which the desired region
 * is to be read, or from which it is to be written.
 *
 * @param eBufType the type of the pixel values in the pData data buffer. The
 * pixel values will automatically be translated to/from the GDALRasterBand
 * data type as needed.
 *
 * @param nPixelSpace The byte offset from the start of one pixel value in
 * pData to the start of the next pixel value within a scanline. If defaulted
 * (0) the size of the datatype eBufType is used.
 *
 * @param nLineSpace The byte offset from the start of one scanline in
 * pData to the start of the next. If defaulted (0) the size of the datatype
 * eBufType * nBufXSize is used.
 *
 * @param psExtraArg (new in GDAL 2.0) pointer to a GDALRasterIOExtraArg
 * structure with additional arguments to specify resampling and progress
 * callback, or NULL for default behavior. The GDAL_RASTERIO_RESAMPLING
 * configuration option can also be defined to override the default resampling
 * to one of BILINEAR, CUBIC, CUBICSPLINE, LANCZOS, AVERAGE or MODE.
 *
 * @return CE_Failure if the access fails, otherwise CE_None.
 */

/**
 * \brief Read/write a region of image data for this band.
 *
 * This method allows reading a region of a GDALRasterBand into a buffer,
 * or writing data from a buffer into a region of a GDALRasterBand. It
 * automatically takes care of data type translation if the data type
 * (eBufType) of the buffer is different than that of the GDALRasterBand.
 * The method also takes care of image decimation / replication if the
 * buffer size (nBufXSize x nBufYSize) is different than the size of the
 * region being accessed (nXSize x nYSize).
 *
 * The nPixelSpace and nLineSpace parameters allow reading into or
 * writing from unusually organized buffers. This is primarily used
 * for buffers containing more than one bands raster data in interleaved
 * format.
 *
 * Some formats may efficiently implement decimation into a buffer by
 * reading from lower resolution overview images. The logic of the default
 * implementation in the base class GDALRasterBand is the following one. It
 * computes a target_downscaling_factor from the window of interest and buffer
 * size which is min(nXSize/nBufXSize, nYSize/nBufYSize).
 * It then walks through overviews and will select the first one whose
 * downscaling factor is greater than target_downscaling_factor / 1.2.
 *
 * Let's assume we have overviews at downscaling factors 2, 4 and 8.
 * The relationship between target_downscaling_factor and the select overview
 * level is the following one:
 *
 * target_downscaling_factor  | selected_overview
 * -------------------------  | -----------------
 * ]0,       2 / 1.2]         | full resolution band
 * ]2 / 1.2, 4 / 1.2]         | 2x downsampled band
 * ]4 / 1.2, 8 / 1.2]         | 4x downsampled band
 * ]8 / 1.2, infinity[        | 8x downsampled band
 *
 * For highest performance full resolution data access, read and write
 * on "block boundaries" as returned by GetBlockSize(), or use the
 * ReadBlock() and WriteBlock() methods.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C GDALRasterIO() or GDALRasterIOEx()
 * functions.
 *
 * @param eRWFlag Either GF_Read to read a region of data, or GF_Write to
 * write a region of data.
 *
 * @param nXOff The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the left side.
 *
 * @param nYOff The line offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be accessed. This would be zero to start from the top.
 *
 * @param nXSize The width of the region of the band to be accessed in pixels.
 *
 * @param nYSize The height of the region of the band to be accessed in lines.
 *
 * @param[in,out] pData The buffer into which the data should be read, or from
 * which it should be written. This buffer must contain at least nBufXSize *
 * nBufYSize words of type eBufType. It is organized in left to right,
 * top to bottom pixel order. Spacing is controlled by the nPixelSpace,
 * and nLineSpace parameters.
 *
 * @param nBufXSize the width of the buffer image into which the desired region
 * is to be read, or from which it is to be written.
 *
 * @param nBufYSize the height of the buffer image into which the desired region
 * is to be read, or from which it is to be written.
 *
 * @param eBufType the type of the pixel values in the pData data buffer. The
 * pixel values will automatically be translated to/from the GDALRasterBand
 * data type as needed.
 *
 * @param nPixelSpace The byte offset from the start of one pixel value in
 * pData to the start of the next pixel value within a scanline. If defaulted
 * (0) the size of the datatype eBufType is used.
 *
 * @param nLineSpace The byte offset from the start of one scanline in
 * pData to the start of the next. If defaulted (0) the size of the datatype
 * eBufType * nBufXSize is used.
 *
 * @param[in] psExtraArg (new in GDAL 2.0) pointer to a GDALRasterIOExtraArg
 * structure with additional arguments to specify resampling and progress
 * callback, or NULL for default behavior. The GDAL_RASTERIO_RESAMPLING
 * configuration option can also be defined to override the default resampling
 * to one of BILINEAR, CUBIC, CUBICSPLINE, LANCZOS, AVERAGE or MODE.
 *
 * @return CE_Failure if the access fails, otherwise CE_None.
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::RasterIO(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, int nXOff, int nYOff,
                                int nXSize, int nYSize, void *pData,
                                int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                                GDALDataType eBufType, GSpacing nPixelSpace,
                                GSpacing nLineSpace,
                                GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)

{
    GDALRasterIOExtraArg sExtraArg;
    if (psExtraArg == nullptr)
    {
        INIT_RASTERIO_EXTRA_ARG(sExtraArg);
        psExtraArg = &sExtraArg;
    }
    else if (psExtraArg->nVersion != RASTERIO_EXTRA_ARG_CURRENT_VERSION)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Unhandled version of GDALRasterIOExtraArg");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    GDALRasterIOExtraArgSetResampleAlg(psExtraArg, nXSize, nYSize, nBufXSize,
                                       nBufYSize);

    if (nullptr == pData)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "The buffer into which the data should be read is null");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Some size values are "noop".  Lets just return to avoid         */
    /*      stressing lower level functions.                                */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (nXSize < 1 || nYSize < 1 || nBufXSize < 1 || nBufYSize < 1)
    {
        CPLDebug("GDAL",
                 "RasterIO() skipped for odd window or buffer size.\n"
                 "  Window = (%d,%d)x%dx%d\n"
                 "  Buffer = %dx%d\n",
                 nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, nBufXSize, nBufYSize);

        return CE_None;
    }

    if (eRWFlag == GF_Write)
    {
        if (eFlushBlockErr != CE_None)
        {
            ReportError(eFlushBlockErr, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "An error occurred while writing a dirty block "
                        "from GDALRasterBand::RasterIO");
            CPLErr eErr = eFlushBlockErr;
            eFlushBlockErr = CE_None;
            return eErr;
        }
        if (eAccess != GA_Update)
        {
            ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "Write operation not permitted on dataset opened "
                        "in read-only mode");
            return CE_Failure;
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If pixel and line spacing are defaulted assign reasonable      */
    /*      value assuming a packed buffer.                                 */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (nPixelSpace == 0)
    {
        nPixelSpace = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eBufType);
    }

    if (nLineSpace == 0)
    {
        nLineSpace = nPixelSpace * nBufXSize;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Do some validation of parameters.                               */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (nXOff < 0 || nXOff > INT_MAX - nXSize ||
        nXOff + nXSize > nRasterXSize || nYOff < 0 ||
        nYOff > INT_MAX - nYSize || nYOff + nYSize > nRasterYSize)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "Access window out of range in RasterIO().  Requested\n"
                    "(%d,%d) of size %dx%d on raster of %dx%d.",
                    nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize);
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    if (eRWFlag != GF_Read && eRWFlag != GF_Write)
    {
        ReportError(
            CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
            "eRWFlag = %d, only GF_Read (0) and GF_Write (1) are legal.",
            eRWFlag);
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Call the format specific function.                              */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    const bool bCallLeaveReadWrite = CPL_TO_BOOL(EnterReadWrite(eRWFlag));

    CPLErr eErr;
    if (bForceCachedIO)
        eErr = GDALRasterBand::IRasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                         pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType,
                                         nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, psExtraArg);
    else
        eErr =
            IRasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, pData, nBufXSize,
                      nBufYSize, eBufType, nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, psExtraArg);

    if (bCallLeaveReadWrite)
        LeaveReadWrite();

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GDALRasterIO()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Read/write a region of image data for this band.
 *
 * Use GDALRasterIOEx() if 64 bit spacings or extra arguments (resampling
 * resolution, progress callback, etc. are needed)
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::RasterIO()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALRasterIO(GDALRasterBandH hBand, GDALRWFlag eRWFlag,
                                int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                                void *pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                                GDALDataType eBufType, int nPixelSpace,
                                int nLineSpace)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALRasterIO", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);

    return (poBand->RasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, pData,
                             nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType, nPixelSpace,
                             nLineSpace, nullptr));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GDALRasterIOEx()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Read/write a region of image data for this band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::RasterIO()
 * @since GDAL 2.0
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALRasterIOEx(GDALRasterBandH hBand, GDALRWFlag eRWFlag,
                                  int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                                  void *pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                                  GDALDataType eBufType, GSpacing nPixelSpace,
                                  GSpacing nLineSpace,
                                  GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALRasterIOEx", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);

    return (poBand->RasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, pData,
                             nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType, nPixelSpace,
                             nLineSpace, psExtraArg));
}
/************************************************************************/
/*                             ReadBlock()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Read a block of image data efficiently.
 *
 * This method accesses a "natural" block from the raster band without
 * resampling, or data type conversion.  For a more generalized, but
 * potentially less efficient access use RasterIO().
 *
 * This method is the same as the C GDALReadBlock() function.
 *
 * See the GetLockedBlockRef() method for a way of accessing internally cached
 * block oriented data without an extra copy into an application buffer.
 *
 * The following code would efficiently compute a histogram of eight bit
 * raster data.  Note that the final block may be partial ... data beyond
 * the edge of the underlying raster band in these edge blocks is of an
 * undetermined value.
 *
\code{.cpp}
 CPLErr GetHistogram( GDALRasterBand *poBand, GUIntBig *panHistogram )

 {
     memset( panHistogram, 0, sizeof(GUIntBig) * 256 );

     CPLAssert( poBand->GetRasterDataType() == GDT_Byte );

     int nXBlockSize, nYBlockSize;

     poBand->GetBlockSize( &nXBlockSize, &nYBlockSize );
     int nXBlocks = (poBand->GetXSize() + nXBlockSize - 1) / nXBlockSize;
     int nYBlocks = (poBand->GetYSize() + nYBlockSize - 1) / nYBlockSize;

     GByte *pabyData = (GByte *) CPLMalloc(nXBlockSize * nYBlockSize);

     for( int iYBlock = 0; iYBlock < nYBlocks; iYBlock++ )
     {
         for( int iXBlock = 0; iXBlock < nXBlocks; iXBlock++ )
         {
             int        nXValid, nYValid;

             poBand->ReadBlock( iXBlock, iYBlock, pabyData );

             // Compute the portion of the block that is valid
             // for partial edge blocks.
             poBand->GetActualBlockSize(iXBlock, iYBlock, &nXValid, &nYValid)

             // Collect the histogram counts.
             for( int iY = 0; iY < nYValid; iY++ )
             {
                 for( int iX = 0; iX < nXValid; iX++ )
                 {
                     panHistogram[pabyData[iX + iY * nXBlockSize]] += 1;
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 }
\endcode
 *
 * @param nXBlockOff the horizontal block offset, with zero indicating
 * the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.
 *
 * @param nYBlockOff the vertical block offset, with zero indicating
 * the top most block, 1 the next block and so forth.
 *
 * @param pImage the buffer into which the data will be read.  The buffer
 * must be large enough to hold GetBlockXSize()*GetBlockYSize() words
 * of type GetRasterDataType().
 *
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure on an error.
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::ReadBlock(int nXBlockOff, int nYBlockOff, void *pImage)

{
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Validate arguments.                                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLAssert(pImage != nullptr);

    if (!InitBlockInfo())
        return CE_Failure;

    if (nXBlockOff < 0 || nXBlockOff >= nBlocksPerRow)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "Illegal nXBlockOff value (%d) in "
                    "GDALRasterBand::ReadBlock()\n",
                    nXBlockOff);

        return (CE_Failure);
    }

    if (nYBlockOff < 0 || nYBlockOff >= nBlocksPerColumn)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "Illegal nYBlockOff value (%d) in "
                    "GDALRasterBand::ReadBlock()\n",
                    nYBlockOff);

        return (CE_Failure);
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Invoke underlying implementation method.                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    int bCallLeaveReadWrite = EnterReadWrite(GF_Read);
    CPLErr eErr = IReadBlock(nXBlockOff, nYBlockOff, pImage);
    if (bCallLeaveReadWrite)
        LeaveReadWrite();
    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GDALReadBlock()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Read a block of image data efficiently.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::ReadBlock()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALReadBlock(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int nXOff, int nYOff,
                                 void *pData)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALReadBlock", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return (poBand->ReadBlock(nXOff, nYOff, pData));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            IReadBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/** \fn GDALRasterBand::IReadBlock( int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff, void *pData
 * ) \brief Read a block of data.
 *
 * Default internal implementation ... to be overridden by
 * subclasses that support reading.
 * @param nBlockXOff Block X Offset
 * @param nBlockYOff Block Y Offset
 * @param pData Pixel buffer into which to place read data.
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure on an error.
 */

/************************************************************************/
/*                            IWriteBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::IWriteBlock(int, int, void*)
 * Write a block of data.
 *
 * Default internal implementation ... to be overridden by
 * subclasses that support writing.
 * @param nBlockXOff Block X Offset
 * @param nBlockYOff Block Y Offset
 * @param pData Pixel buffer to write
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure on an error.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::IWriteBlock(int /*nBlockXOff*/, int /*nBlockYOff*/,
                                   void * /*pData*/)

{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "WriteBlock() not supported for this dataset.");

    return (CE_Failure);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             WriteBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Write a block of image data efficiently.
 *
 * This method accesses a "natural" block from the raster band without
 * resampling, or data type conversion.  For a more generalized, but
 * potentially less efficient access use RasterIO().
 *
 * This method is the same as the C GDALWriteBlock() function.
 *
 * See ReadBlock() for an example of block oriented data access.
 *
 * @param nXBlockOff the horizontal block offset, with zero indicating
 * the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.
 *
 * @param nYBlockOff the vertical block offset, with zero indicating
 * the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.
 *
 * @param pImage the buffer from which the data will be written.  The buffer
 * must be large enough to hold GetBlockXSize()*GetBlockYSize() words
 * of type GetRasterDataType(). Note that the content of the buffer might be
 * temporarily modified during the execution of this method (and eventually
 * restored back to its original content), so it is not safe to use a buffer
 * stored in a read-only section of the calling program.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure on an error.
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::WriteBlock(int nXBlockOff, int nYBlockOff, void *pImage)

{
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Validate arguments.                                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLAssert(pImage != nullptr);

    if (!InitBlockInfo())
        return CE_Failure;

    if (nXBlockOff < 0 || nXBlockOff >= nBlocksPerRow)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "Illegal nXBlockOff value (%d) in "
                    "GDALRasterBand::WriteBlock()\n",
                    nXBlockOff);

        return (CE_Failure);
    }

    if (nYBlockOff < 0 || nYBlockOff >= nBlocksPerColumn)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "Illegal nYBlockOff value (%d) in "
                    "GDALRasterBand::WriteBlock()\n",
                    nYBlockOff);

        return (CE_Failure);
    }

    if (eAccess == GA_ReadOnly)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NoWriteAccess,
                    "Attempt to write to read only dataset in"
                    "GDALRasterBand::WriteBlock().\n");

        return (CE_Failure);
    }

    if (eFlushBlockErr != CE_None)
    {
        ReportError(eFlushBlockErr, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "An error occurred while writing a dirty block "
                    "from GDALRasterBand::WriteBlock");
        CPLErr eErr = eFlushBlockErr;
        eFlushBlockErr = CE_None;
        return eErr;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Invoke underlying implementation method.                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    const bool bCallLeaveReadWrite = CPL_TO_BOOL(EnterReadWrite(GF_Write));
    CPLErr eErr = IWriteBlock(nXBlockOff, nYBlockOff, pImage);
    if (bCallLeaveReadWrite)
        LeaveReadWrite();

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GDALWriteBlock()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Write a block of image data efficiently.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::WriteBlock()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALWriteBlock(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int nXOff, int nYOff,
                                  void *pData)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALWriteBlock", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return (poBand->WriteBlock(nXOff, nYOff, pData));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetActualBlockSize()                         */
/************************************************************************/
/**
 * \brief Fetch the actual block size for a given block offset.
 *
 * Handles partial blocks at the edges of the raster and returns the true
 * number of pixels
 *
 * @param nXBlockOff the horizontal block offset for which to calculate the
 * number of valid pixels, with zero indicating the left most block, 1 the next
 * block and so forth.
 *
 * @param nYBlockOff the vertical block offset, with zero indicating
 * the top most block, 1 the next block and so forth.
 *
 * @param pnXValid pointer to an integer in which the number of valid pixels in
 * the x direction will be stored
 *
 * @param pnYValid pointer to an integer in which the number of valid pixels in
 * the y direction will be stored
 *
 * @return CE_None if the input parameters are valid, CE_Failure otherwise
 *
 * @since GDAL 2.2
 */
CPLErr GDALRasterBand::GetActualBlockSize(int nXBlockOff, int nYBlockOff,
                                          int *pnXValid, int *pnYValid)
{
    if (nXBlockOff < 0 || nBlockXSize == 0 ||
        nXBlockOff >= DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterXSize, nBlockXSize) ||
        nYBlockOff < 0 || nBlockYSize == 0 ||
        nYBlockOff >= DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterYSize, nBlockYSize))
    {
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    const int nXPixelOff = nXBlockOff * nBlockXSize;
    const int nYPixelOff = nYBlockOff * nBlockYSize;

    *pnXValid = nBlockXSize;
    *pnYValid = nBlockYSize;

    if (nXPixelOff >= nRasterXSize - nBlockXSize)
    {
        *pnXValid = nRasterXSize - nXPixelOff;
    }

    if (nYPixelOff >= nRasterYSize - nBlockYSize)
    {
        *pnYValid = nRasterYSize - nYPixelOff;
    }

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GDALGetActualBlockSize()                   */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Retrieve the actual block size for a given block offset.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetActualBlockSize()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALGetActualBlockSize(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int nXBlockOff,
                                          int nYBlockOff, int *pnXValid,
                                          int *pnYValid)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetActualBlockSize", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return (
        poBand->GetActualBlockSize(nXBlockOff, nYBlockOff, pnXValid, pnYValid));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     GetSuggestedBlockAccessPattern()                 */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Return the suggested/most efficient access pattern to blocks
 *        (for read operations).
 *
 * While all GDAL drivers have to expose a block size, not all can guarantee
 * efficient random access (GSBAP_RANDOM) to any block.
 * Some drivers for example decompress sequentially a compressed stream from
 * top raster to bottom (GSBAP_TOP_TO_BOTTOM), in which
 * case best performance will be achieved while reading blocks in that order.
 * (accessing blocks in random access in such rasters typically causes the
 * decoding to be re-initialized from the start if accessing blocks in
 * a non-sequential order)
 *
 * The base implementation returns GSBAP_UNKNOWN, which can also be explicitly
 * returned by drivers that expose a somewhat artificial block size, because
 * they can extract any part of a raster, but in a rather inefficient way.
 *
 * The GSBAP_LARGEST_CHUNK_POSSIBLE value can be combined as a logical bitmask
 * with other enumeration values (GSBAP_UNKNOWN, GSBAP_RANDOM,
 * GSBAP_TOP_TO_BOTTOM, GSBAP_BOTTOM_TO_TOP). When a driver sets this flag, the
 * most efficient strategy is to read as many pixels as possible in the less
 * RasterIO() operations.
 *
 * The return of this method is for example used to determine the swath size
 * used by GDALDatasetCopyWholeRaster() and GDALRasterBandCopyWholeRaster().
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.6
 */

GDALSuggestedBlockAccessPattern
GDALRasterBand::GetSuggestedBlockAccessPattern() const
{
    return GSBAP_UNKNOWN;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetRasterDataType()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the pixel data type for this band.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterDataType().
 *
 * @return the data type of pixels for this band.
 */

GDALDataType GDALRasterBand::GetRasterDataType()

{
    return eDataType;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALGetRasterDataType()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the pixel data type for this band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetRasterDataType()
 */

GDALDataType CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterDataType(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterDataType", GDT_Unknown);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetRasterDataType();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetBlockSize()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the "natural" block size of this band.
 *
 * GDAL contains a concept of the natural block size of rasters so that
 * applications can organized data access efficiently for some file formats.
 * The natural block size is the block size that is most efficient for
 * accessing the format.  For many formats this is simple a whole scanline
 * in which case *pnXSize is set to GetXSize(), and *pnYSize is set to 1.
 *
 * However, for tiled images this will typically be the tile size.
 *
 * Note that the X and Y block sizes don't have to divide the image size
 * evenly, meaning that right and bottom edge blocks may be incomplete.
 * See ReadBlock() for an example of code dealing with these issues.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetBlockSize().
 *
 * @param pnXSize integer to put the X block size into or NULL.
 *
 * @param pnYSize integer to put the Y block size into or NULL.
 */

void GDALRasterBand::GetBlockSize(int *pnXSize, int *pnYSize)

{
    if (nBlockXSize <= 0 || nBlockYSize <= 0)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Invalid block dimension : %d * %d", nBlockXSize,
                    nBlockYSize);
        if (pnXSize != nullptr)
            *pnXSize = 0;
        if (pnYSize != nullptr)
            *pnYSize = 0;
    }
    else
    {
        if (pnXSize != nullptr)
            *pnXSize = nBlockXSize;
        if (pnYSize != nullptr)
            *pnYSize = nBlockYSize;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GDALGetBlockSize()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the "natural" block size of this band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetBlockSize()
 */

void CPL_STDCALL GDALGetBlockSize(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int *pnXSize,
                                  int *pnYSize)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER0(hBand, "GDALGetBlockSize");

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    poBand->GetBlockSize(pnXSize, pnYSize);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           InitBlockInfo()                            */
/************************************************************************/

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
int GDALRasterBand::InitBlockInfo()

{
    if (poBandBlockCache != nullptr)
        return poBandBlockCache->IsInitOK();

    /* Do some validation of raster and block dimensions in case the driver */
    /* would have neglected to do it itself */
    if (nBlockXSize <= 0 || nBlockYSize <= 0)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Invalid block dimension : %d * %d", nBlockXSize,
                    nBlockYSize);
        return FALSE;
    }

    if (nRasterXSize <= 0 || nRasterYSize <= 0)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Invalid raster dimension : %d * %d", nRasterXSize,
                    nRasterYSize);
        return FALSE;
    }

    const int nDataTypeSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
    if (nDataTypeSize == 0)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid data type");
        return FALSE;
    }

#if SIZEOF_VOIDP == 4
    if (nBlockXSize >= 10000 || nBlockYSize >= 10000)
    {
        /* As 10000 * 10000 * 16 < INT_MAX, we don't need to do the
         * multiplication in other cases */
        if (nBlockXSize > INT_MAX / nDataTypeSize ||
            nBlockYSize > INT_MAX / (nDataTypeSize * nBlockXSize))
        {
            ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                        "Too big block : %d * %d for 32-bit build", nBlockXSize,
                        nBlockYSize);
            return FALSE;
        }
    }
#endif

    nBlocksPerRow = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterXSize, nBlockXSize);
    nBlocksPerColumn = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterYSize, nBlockYSize);

    const char *pszBlockStrategy =
        CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_BAND_BLOCK_CACHE", nullptr);
    bool bUseArray = true;
    if (pszBlockStrategy == nullptr || EQUAL(pszBlockStrategy, "AUTO"))
    {
        if (poDS == nullptr || (poDS->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_BLOCK_ACCESS_MASK) ==
                                   GDAL_OF_DEFAULT_BLOCK_ACCESS)
        {
            GUIntBig nBlockCount =
                static_cast<GIntBig>(nBlocksPerRow) * nBlocksPerColumn;
            if (poDS != nullptr)
                nBlockCount *= poDS->GetRasterCount();
            bUseArray = (nBlockCount < 1024 * 1024);
        }
        else if ((poDS->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_BLOCK_ACCESS_MASK) ==
                 GDAL_OF_HASHSET_BLOCK_ACCESS)
        {
            bUseArray = false;
        }
    }
    else if (EQUAL(pszBlockStrategy, "HASHSET"))
        bUseArray = false;
    else if (!EQUAL(pszBlockStrategy, "ARRAY"))
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined, "Unknown block cache method: %s",
                 pszBlockStrategy);

    if (bUseArray)
        poBandBlockCache = GDALArrayBandBlockCacheCreate(this);
    else
    {
        if (nBand == 1)
            CPLDebug("GDAL", "Use hashset band block cache");
        poBandBlockCache = GDALHashSetBandBlockCacheCreate(this);
    }
    if (poBandBlockCache == nullptr)
        return FALSE;
    return poBandBlockCache->Init();
}
//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                             FlushCache()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Flush raster data cache.
 *
 * This call will recover memory used to cache data blocks for this raster
 * band, and ensure that new requests are referred to the underlying driver.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALFlushRasterCache().
 *
 * @param bAtClosing Whether this is called from a GDALDataset destructor
 * @return CE_None on success.
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::FlushCache(bool bAtClosing)

{
    if (bAtClosing && poDS && poDS->IsMarkedSuppressOnClose() &&
        poBandBlockCache)
        poBandBlockCache->DisableDirtyBlockWriting();

    CPLErr eGlobalErr = eFlushBlockErr;

    if (eFlushBlockErr != CE_None)
    {
        ReportError(
            eFlushBlockErr, CPLE_AppDefined,
            "An error occurred while writing a dirty block from FlushCache");
        eFlushBlockErr = CE_None;
    }

    if (poBandBlockCache == nullptr || !poBandBlockCache->IsInitOK())
        return eGlobalErr;

    return poBandBlockCache->FlushCache();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALFlushRasterCache()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Flush raster data cache.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::FlushCache()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALFlushRasterCache(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALFlushRasterCache", CE_Failure);

    return GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand)->FlushCache(false);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             DropCache()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
* \brief Drop raster data cache : data in cache will be lost.
*
* This call will recover memory used to cache data blocks for this raster
* band, and ensure that new requests are referred to the underlying driver.
*
* This method is the same as the C function GDALDropRasterCache().
*
* @return CE_None on success.
* @since 3.9
*/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::DropCache()

{
    CPLErr result = CE_None;

    if (poBandBlockCache)
        poBandBlockCache->DisableDirtyBlockWriting();

    CPLErr eGlobalErr = eFlushBlockErr;

    if (eFlushBlockErr != CE_None)
    {
        ReportError(
            eFlushBlockErr, CPLE_AppDefined,
            "An error occurred while writing a dirty block from DropCache");
        eFlushBlockErr = CE_None;
    }

    if (poBandBlockCache == nullptr || !poBandBlockCache->IsInitOK())
        result = eGlobalErr;
    else
        result = poBandBlockCache->FlushCache();

    if (poBandBlockCache)
        poBandBlockCache->EnableDirtyBlockWriting();

    return result;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALDropRasterCache()                         */
/************************************************************************/

/**
* \brief Drop raster data cache.
*
* @see GDALRasterBand::DropCache()
* @since 3.9
*/

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALDropRasterCache(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALDropRasterCache", CE_Failure);

    return GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand)->DropCache();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        UnreferenceBlock()                            */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Unreference the block from our array of blocks                  */
/*      This method should only be called by                            */
/*      GDALRasterBlock::Internalize() and FlushCacheBlock() (and under */
/*      the block cache mutex)                                          */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::UnreferenceBlock(GDALRasterBlock *poBlock)
{
#ifdef notdef
    if (poBandBlockCache == nullptr || !poBandBlockCache->IsInitOK())
    {
        if (poBandBlockCache == nullptr)
            printf("poBandBlockCache == NULL\n"); /*ok*/
        else
            printf("!poBandBlockCache->IsInitOK()\n"); /*ok*/
        printf("caller = %s\n", pszCaller);            /*ok*/
        printf("GDALRasterBand: %p\n", this);          /*ok*/
        printf("GDALRasterBand: nBand=%d\n", nBand);   /*ok*/
        printf("nRasterXSize = %d\n", nRasterXSize);   /*ok*/
        printf("nRasterYSize = %d\n", nRasterYSize);   /*ok*/
        printf("nBlockXSize = %d\n", nBlockXSize);     /*ok*/
        printf("nBlockYSize = %d\n", nBlockYSize);     /*ok*/
        poBlock->DumpBlock();
        if (GetDataset() != nullptr)
            printf("Dataset: %s\n", GetDataset()->GetDescription()); /*ok*/
        GDALRasterBlock::Verify();
        abort();
    }
#endif
    CPLAssert(poBandBlockCache && poBandBlockCache->IsInitOK());
    return poBandBlockCache->UnreferenceBlock(poBlock);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        AddBlockToFreeList()                          */
/*                                                                      */
/*      When GDALRasterBlock::Internalize() or FlushCacheBlock() are    */
/*      finished with a block about to be free'd, they pass it to that  */
/*      method.                                                         */
/************************************************************************/

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
void GDALRasterBand::AddBlockToFreeList(GDALRasterBlock *poBlock)
{
    CPLAssert(poBandBlockCache && poBandBlockCache->IsInitOK());
    return poBandBlockCache->AddBlockToFreeList(poBlock);
}
//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                             FlushBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/** Flush a block out of the block cache.
 * @param nXBlockOff block x offset
 * @param nYBlockOff blocky offset
 * @param bWriteDirtyBlock whether the block should be written to disk if dirty.
 * @return CE_None in case of success, an error code otherwise.
 */
CPLErr GDALRasterBand::FlushBlock(int nXBlockOff, int nYBlockOff,
                                  int bWriteDirtyBlock)

{
    if (poBandBlockCache == nullptr || !poBandBlockCache->IsInitOK())
        return (CE_Failure);

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Validate the request                                            */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (nXBlockOff < 0 || nXBlockOff >= nBlocksPerRow)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "Illegal nBlockXOff value (%d) in "
                    "GDALRasterBand::FlushBlock()\n",
                    nXBlockOff);

        return (CE_Failure);
    }

    if (nYBlockOff < 0 || nYBlockOff >= nBlocksPerColumn)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "Illegal nBlockYOff value (%d) in "
                    "GDALRasterBand::FlushBlock()\n",
                    nYBlockOff);

        return (CE_Failure);
    }

    return poBandBlockCache->FlushBlock(nXBlockOff, nYBlockOff,
                                        bWriteDirtyBlock);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        TryGetLockedBlockRef()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Try fetching block ref.
 *
 * This method will returned the requested block (locked) if it is already
 * in the block cache for the layer.  If not, nullptr is returned.
 *
 * If a non-NULL value is returned, then a lock for the block will have been
 * acquired on behalf of the caller.  It is absolutely imperative that the
 * caller release this lock (with GDALRasterBlock::DropLock()) or else
 * severe problems may result.
 *
 * @param nXBlockOff the horizontal block offset, with zero indicating
 * the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.
 *
 * @param nYBlockOff the vertical block offset, with zero indicating
 * the top most block, 1 the next block and so forth.
 *
 * @return NULL if block not available, or locked block pointer.
 */

GDALRasterBlock *GDALRasterBand::TryGetLockedBlockRef(int nXBlockOff,
                                                      int nYBlockOff)

{
    if (poBandBlockCache == nullptr || !poBandBlockCache->IsInitOK())
        return nullptr;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Validate the request                                            */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (nXBlockOff < 0 || nXBlockOff >= nBlocksPerRow)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "Illegal nBlockXOff value (%d) in "
                    "GDALRasterBand::TryGetLockedBlockRef()\n",
                    nXBlockOff);

        return (nullptr);
    }

    if (nYBlockOff < 0 || nYBlockOff >= nBlocksPerColumn)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "Illegal nBlockYOff value (%d) in "
                    "GDALRasterBand::TryGetLockedBlockRef()\n",
                    nYBlockOff);

        return (nullptr);
    }

    return poBandBlockCache->TryGetLockedBlockRef(nXBlockOff, nYBlockOff);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetLockedBlockRef()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch a pointer to an internally cached raster block.
 *
 * This method will returned the requested block (locked) if it is already
 * in the block cache for the layer.  If not, the block will be read from
 * the driver, and placed in the layer block cached, then returned.  If an
 * error occurs reading the block from the driver, a NULL value will be
 * returned.
 *
 * If a non-NULL value is returned, then a lock for the block will have been
 * acquired on behalf of the caller.  It is absolutely imperative that the
 * caller release this lock (with GDALRasterBlock::DropLock()) or else
 * severe problems may result.
 *
 * Note that calling GetLockedBlockRef() on a previously uncached band will
 * enable caching.
 *
 * @param nXBlockOff the horizontal block offset, with zero indicating
 * the left most block, 1 the next block and so forth.
 *
 * @param nYBlockOff the vertical block offset, with zero indicating
 * the top most block, 1 the next block and so forth.
 *
 * @param bJustInitialize If TRUE the block will be allocated and initialized,
 * but not actually read from the source.  This is useful when it will just
 * be completely set and written back.
 *
 * @return pointer to the block object, or NULL on failure.
 */

GDALRasterBlock *GDALRasterBand::GetLockedBlockRef(int nXBlockOff,
                                                   int nYBlockOff,
                                                   int bJustInitialize)

{
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Try and fetch from cache.                                       */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALRasterBlock *poBlock = TryGetLockedBlockRef(nXBlockOff, nYBlockOff);

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If we didn't find it in our memory cache, instantiate a         */
    /*      block (potentially load from disk) and "adopt" it into the      */
    /*      cache.                                                          */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (poBlock == nullptr)
    {
        if (!InitBlockInfo())
            return (nullptr);

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Validate the request */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        if (nXBlockOff < 0 || nXBlockOff >= nBlocksPerRow)
        {
            ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                        "Illegal nBlockXOff value (%d) in "
                        "GDALRasterBand::GetLockedBlockRef()\n",
                        nXBlockOff);

            return (nullptr);
        }

        if (nYBlockOff < 0 || nYBlockOff >= nBlocksPerColumn)
        {
            ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                        "Illegal nBlockYOff value (%d) in "
                        "GDALRasterBand::GetLockedBlockRef()\n",
                        nYBlockOff);

            return (nullptr);
        }

        poBlock = poBandBlockCache->CreateBlock(nXBlockOff, nYBlockOff);
        if (poBlock == nullptr)
            return nullptr;

        poBlock->AddLock();

        /* We need to temporarily drop the read-write lock in the following */
        /*scenario. Imagine 2 threads T1 and T2 that respectively write dataset
         */
        /* D1 and D2. T1 will take the mutex on D1 and T2 on D2. Now when the */
        /* block cache fills, T1 might need to flush dirty blocks of D2 in the
         */
        /* below Internalize(), which will cause GDALRasterBlock::Write() to be
         */
        /* called and attempt at taking the lock on T2 (already taken).
         * Similarly */
        /* for T2 with D1, hence a deadlock situation (#6163) */
        /* But this may open the door to other problems... */
        if (poDS)
            poDS->TemporarilyDropReadWriteLock();
        /* allocate data space */
        CPLErr eErr = poBlock->Internalize();
        if (poDS)
            poDS->ReacquireReadWriteLock();
        if (eErr != CE_None)
        {
            poBlock->DropLock();
            delete poBlock;
            return nullptr;
        }

        if (poBandBlockCache->AdoptBlock(poBlock) != CE_None)
        {
            poBlock->DropLock();
            delete poBlock;
            return nullptr;
        }

        if (!bJustInitialize)
        {
            const GUInt32 nErrorCounter = CPLGetErrorCounter();
            int bCallLeaveReadWrite = EnterReadWrite(GF_Read);
            eErr = IReadBlock(nXBlockOff, nYBlockOff, poBlock->GetDataRef());
            if (bCallLeaveReadWrite)
                LeaveReadWrite();
            if (eErr != CE_None)
            {
                poBlock->DropLock();
                FlushBlock(nXBlockOff, nYBlockOff);
                ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                            "IReadBlock failed at X offset %d, Y offset %d%s",
                            nXBlockOff, nYBlockOff,
                            (nErrorCounter != CPLGetErrorCounter())
                                ? CPLSPrintf(": %s", CPLGetLastErrorMsg())
                                : "");
                return nullptr;
            }

            nBlockReads++;
            if (static_cast<GIntBig>(nBlockReads) ==
                    static_cast<GIntBig>(nBlocksPerRow) * nBlocksPerColumn +
                        1 &&
                nBand == 1 && poDS != nullptr)
            {
                CPLDebug("GDAL", "Potential thrashing on band %d of %s.", nBand,
                         poDS->GetDescription());
            }
        }
    }

    return poBlock;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               Fill()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fill this band with a constant value.
 *
 * GDAL makes no guarantees
 * about what values pixels in newly created files are set to, so this
 * method can be used to clear a band to a specified "default" value.
 * The fill value is passed in as a double but this will be converted
 * to the underlying type before writing to the file. An optional
 * second argument allows the imaginary component of a complex
 * constant value to be specified.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALFillRaster().
 *
 * @param dfRealValue Real component of fill value
 * @param dfImaginaryValue Imaginary component of fill value, defaults to zero
 *
 * @return CE_Failure if the write fails, otherwise CE_None
 */
CPLErr GDALRasterBand::Fill(double dfRealValue, double dfImaginaryValue)
{

    // General approach is to construct a source block of the file's
    // native type containing the appropriate value and then copy this
    // to each block in the image via the RasterBlock cache. Using
    // the cache means we avoid file I/O if it is not necessary, at the
    // expense of some extra memcpy's (since we write to the
    // RasterBlock cache, which is then at some point written to the
    // underlying file, rather than simply directly to the underlying
    // file.)

    // Check we can write to the file.
    if (eAccess == GA_ReadOnly)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NoWriteAccess,
                    "Attempt to write to read only dataset in "
                    "GDALRasterBand::Fill().");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    // Make sure block parameters are set.
    if (!InitBlockInfo())
        return CE_Failure;

    // Allocate the source block.
    auto blockSize = static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(nBlockXSize) * nBlockYSize;
    int elementSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
    auto blockByteSize = blockSize * elementSize;
    unsigned char *srcBlock =
        static_cast<unsigned char *>(VSIMalloc(blockByteSize));
    if (srcBlock == nullptr)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory,
                    "GDALRasterBand::Fill(): Out of memory "
                    "allocating " CPL_FRMT_GUIB " bytes.\n",
                    static_cast<GUIntBig>(blockByteSize));
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    // Initialize the source block.
    double complexSrc[2] = {dfRealValue, dfImaginaryValue};
    GDALCopyWords64(complexSrc, GDT_CFloat64, 0, srcBlock, eDataType,
                    elementSize, blockSize);

    const bool bCallLeaveReadWrite = CPL_TO_BOOL(EnterReadWrite(GF_Write));

    // Write block to block cache
    for (int j = 0; j < nBlocksPerColumn; ++j)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < nBlocksPerRow; ++i)
        {
            GDALRasterBlock *destBlock = GetLockedBlockRef(i, j, TRUE);
            if (destBlock == nullptr)
            {
                ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory,
                            "GDALRasterBand::Fill(): Error "
                            "while retrieving cache block.");
                VSIFree(srcBlock);
                return CE_Failure;
            }
            memcpy(destBlock->GetDataRef(), srcBlock, blockByteSize);
            destBlock->MarkDirty();
            destBlock->DropLock();
        }
    }

    if (bCallLeaveReadWrite)
        LeaveReadWrite();

    // Free up the source block
    VSIFree(srcBlock);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALFillRaster()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fill this band with a constant value.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::Fill()
 */
CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALFillRaster(GDALRasterBandH hBand, double dfRealValue,
                                  double dfImaginaryValue)
{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALFillRaster", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->Fill(dfRealValue, dfImaginaryValue);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetAccess()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Find out if we have update permission for this band.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterAccess().
 *
 * @return Either GA_Update or GA_ReadOnly.
 */

GDALAccess GDALRasterBand::GetAccess()

{
    return eAccess;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALGetRasterAccess()                         */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Find out if we have update permission for this band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetAccess()
 */

GDALAccess CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterAccess(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterAccess", GA_ReadOnly);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetAccess();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetCategoryNames()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the list of category names for this raster.
 *
 * The return list is a "StringList" in the sense of the CPL functions.
 * That is a NULL terminated array of strings.  Raster values without
 * associated names will have an empty string in the returned list.  The
 * first entry in the list is for raster values of zero, and so on.
 *
 * The returned stringlist should not be altered or freed by the application.
 * It may change on the next GDAL call, so please copy it if it is needed
 * for any period of time.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterCategoryNames().
 *
 * @return list of names, or NULL if none.
 */

char **GDALRasterBand::GetCategoryNames()

{
    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     GDALGetRasterCategoryNames()                     */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the list of category names for this raster.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetCategoryNames()
 */

char **CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterCategoryNames(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterCategoryNames", nullptr);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetCategoryNames();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetCategoryNames()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::SetCategoryNames(char**)
 * \brief Set the category names for this band.
 *
 * See the GetCategoryNames() method for more on the interpretation of
 * category names.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterCategoryNames().
 *
 * @param papszNames the NULL terminated StringList of category names.  May
 * be NULL to just clear the existing list.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success of CE_Failure on failure.  If unsupported
 * by the driver CE_Failure is returned, but no error message is reported.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetCategoryNames(char ** /*papszNames*/)
{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetCategoryNames() not supported for this dataset.");

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALSetCategoryNames()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set the category names for this band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetCategoryNames()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetRasterCategoryNames(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                              CSLConstList papszNames)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetRasterCategoryNames", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetCategoryNames(const_cast<char **>(papszNames));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the no data value for this band.
 *
 * If there is no out of data value, an out of range value will generally
 * be returned.  The no data value for a band is generally a special marker
 * value used to mark pixels that are not valid data.  Such pixels should
 * generally not be displayed, nor contribute to analysis operations.
 *
 * The no data value returned is 'raw', meaning that it has no offset and
 * scale applied.
 *
 * For rasters of type GDT_Int64 or GDT_UInt64, using this method might be
 * lossy if the nodata value cannot exactly been represented by a double.
 * Use GetNoDataValueAsInt64() or GetNoDataValueAsUInt64() instead.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterNoDataValue().
 *
 * @param pbSuccess pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if a value
 * is actually associated with this layer.  May be NULL (default).
 *
 * @return the nodata value for this band.
 */

double GDALRasterBand::GetNoDataValue(int *pbSuccess)

{
    if (pbSuccess != nullptr)
        *pbSuccess = FALSE;

    return -1e10;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALGetRasterNoDataValue()                      */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the no data value for this band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetNoDataValue()
 */

double CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterNoDataValue(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                            int *pbSuccess)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterNoDataValue", 0);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetNoDataValue(pbSuccess);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GetNoDataValueAsInt64()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the no data value for this band.
 *
 * This method should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_Int64.
 *
 * If there is no out of data value, an out of range value will generally
 * be returned.  The no data value for a band is generally a special marker
 * value used to mark pixels that are not valid data.  Such pixels should
 * generally not be displayed, nor contribute to analysis operations.
 *
 * The no data value returned is 'raw', meaning that it has no offset and
 * scale applied.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64().
 *
 * @param pbSuccess pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if a value
 * is actually associated with this layer.  May be NULL (default).
 *
 * @return the nodata value for this band.
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5
 */

int64_t GDALRasterBand::GetNoDataValueAsInt64(int *pbSuccess)

{
    if (pbSuccess != nullptr)
        *pbSuccess = FALSE;

    return std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                   GDALGetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64()                  */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the no data value for this band.
 *
 * This function should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_Int64.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetNoDataValueAsInt64()
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5
 */

int64_t CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                                    int *pbSuccess)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64",
                      std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min());

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetNoDataValueAsInt64(pbSuccess);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GetNoDataValueAsUInt64()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the no data value for this band.
 *
 * This method should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_UInt64.
 *
 * If there is no out of data value, an out of range value will generally
 * be returned.  The no data value for a band is generally a special marker
 * value used to mark pixels that are not valid data.  Such pixels should
 * generally not be displayed, nor contribute to analysis operations.
 *
 * The no data value returned is 'raw', meaning that it has no offset and
 * scale applied.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64().
 *
 * @param pbSuccess pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if a value
 * is actually associated with this layer.  May be NULL (default).
 *
 * @return the nodata value for this band.
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5
 */

uint64_t GDALRasterBand::GetNoDataValueAsUInt64(int *pbSuccess)

{
    if (pbSuccess != nullptr)
        *pbSuccess = FALSE;

    return std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                   GDALGetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64()                  */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the no data value for this band.
 *
 * This function should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_UInt64.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetNoDataValueAsUInt64()
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5
 */

uint64_t CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                                      int *pbSuccess)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64",
                      std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetNoDataValueAsUInt64(pbSuccess);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::SetNoDataValue(double)
 * \brief Set the no data value for this band.
 *
 * Depending on drivers, changing the no data value may or may not have an
 * effect on the pixel values of a raster that has just been created. It is
 * thus advised to explicitly called Fill() if the intent is to initialize
 * the raster to the nodata value.
 * In any case, changing an existing no data value, when one already exists and
 * the dataset exists or has been initialized, has no effect on the pixel whose
 * value matched the previous nodata value.
 *
 * For rasters of type GDT_Int64 or GDT_UInt64, whose nodata value cannot always
 * be represented by a double, use SetNoDataValueAsInt64() or
 * SetNoDataValueAsUInt64() instead.
 *
 * To clear the nodata value, use DeleteNoDataValue().
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterNoDataValue().
 *
 * @param dfNoData the value to set.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure.  If unsupported
 * by the driver, CE_Failure is returned by no error message will have
 * been emitted.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetNoDataValue(double /*dfNoData*/)

{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetNoDataValue() not supported for this dataset.");

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALSetRasterNoDataValue()                   */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set the no data value for this band.
 *
 * Depending on drivers, changing the no data value may or may not have an
 * effect on the pixel values of a raster that has just been created. It is
 * thus advised to explicitly called Fill() if the intent is to initialize
 * the raster to the nodata value.
 * In any case, changing an existing no data value, when one already exists and
 * the dataset exists or has been initialized, has no effect on the pixel whose
 * value matched the previous nodata value.
 *
 * For rasters of type GDT_Int64 or GDT_UInt64, whose nodata value cannot always
 * be represented by a double, use GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64() or
 * GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64() instead.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetNoDataValue()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetRasterNoDataValue(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                            double dfValue)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetRasterNoDataValue", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetNoDataValue(dfValue);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       SetNoDataValueAsInt64()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set the no data value for this band.
 *
 * This method should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_Int64.
 *
 * Depending on drivers, changing the no data value may or may not have an
 * effect on the pixel values of a raster that has just been created. It is
 * thus advised to explicitly called Fill() if the intent is to initialize
 * the raster to the nodata value.
 * In ay case, changing an existing no data value, when one already exists and
 * the dataset exists or has been initialized, has no effect on the pixel whose
 * value matched the previous nodata value.
 *
 * To clear the nodata value, use DeleteNoDataValue().
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64().
 *
 * @param nNoDataValue the value to set.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure.  If unsupported
 * by the driver, CE_Failure is returned by no error message will have
 * been emitted.
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetNoDataValueAsInt64(CPL_UNUSED int64_t nNoDataValue)

{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetNoDataValueAsInt64() not supported for this dataset.");

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                 GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64()                    */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set the no data value for this band.
 *
 * This function should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_Int64.
 *
 * Depending on drivers, changing the no data value may or may not have an
 * effect on the pixel values of a raster that has just been created. It is
 * thus advised to explicitly called Fill() if the intent is to initialize
 * the raster to the nodata value.
 * In ay case, changing an existing no data value, when one already exists and
 * the dataset exists or has been initialized, has no effect on the pixel whose
 * value matched the previous nodata value.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetNoDataValueAsInt64()
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                                   int64_t nValue)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsInt64", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetNoDataValueAsInt64(nValue);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       SetNoDataValueAsUInt64()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set the no data value for this band.
 *
 * This method should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_UInt64.
 *
 * Depending on drivers, changing the no data value may or may not have an
 * effect on the pixel values of a raster that has just been created. It is
 * thus advised to explicitly called Fill() if the intent is to initialize
 * the raster to the nodata value.
 * In ay case, changing an existing no data value, when one already exists and
 * the dataset exists or has been initialized, has no effect on the pixel whose
 * value matched the previous nodata value.
 *
 * To clear the nodata value, use DeleteNoDataValue().
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64().
 *
 * @param nNoDataValue the value to set.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure.  If unsupported
 * by the driver, CE_Failure is returned by no error message will have
 * been emitted.
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetNoDataValueAsUInt64(CPL_UNUSED uint64_t nNoDataValue)

{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetNoDataValueAsUInt64() not supported for this dataset.");

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                 GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64()                    */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set the no data value for this band.
 *
 * This function should ONLY be called on rasters whose data type is GDT_UInt64.
 *
 * Depending on drivers, changing the no data value may or may not have an
 * effect on the pixel values of a raster that has just been created. It is
 * thus advised to explicitly called Fill() if the intent is to initialize
 * the raster to the nodata value.
 * In ay case, changing an existing no data value, when one already exists and
 * the dataset exists or has been initialized, has no effect on the pixel whose
 * value matched the previous nodata value.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetNoDataValueAsUInt64()
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                                    uint64_t nValue)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetRasterNoDataValueAsUInt64", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetNoDataValueAsUInt64(nValue);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        DeleteNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Remove the no data value for this band.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALDeleteRasterNoDataValue().
 *
 * @return CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure.  If unsupported
 * by the driver, CE_Failure is returned by no error message will have
 * been emitted.
 *
 * @since GDAL 2.1
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::DeleteNoDataValue()

{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "DeleteNoDataValue() not supported for this dataset.");

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALDeleteRasterNoDataValue()                  */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Remove the no data value for this band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::DeleteNoDataValue()
 *
 * @since GDAL 2.1
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALDeleteRasterNoDataValue(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALDeleteRasterNoDataValue", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->DeleteNoDataValue();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetMaximum()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the maximum value for this band.
 *
 * For file formats that don't know this intrinsically, the maximum supported
 * value for the data type will generally be returned.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterMaximum().
 *
 * @param pbSuccess pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if the
 * returned value is a tight maximum or not.  May be NULL (default).
 *
 * @return the maximum raster value (excluding no data pixels)
 */

double GDALRasterBand::GetMaximum(int *pbSuccess)

{
    const char *pszValue = nullptr;

    if ((pszValue = GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MAXIMUM")) != nullptr)
    {
        if (pbSuccess != nullptr)
            *pbSuccess = TRUE;

        return CPLAtofM(pszValue);
    }

    if (pbSuccess != nullptr)
        *pbSuccess = FALSE;

    switch (eDataType)
    {
        case GDT_Byte:
        {
            EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(false);
            const char *pszPixelType =
                GetMetadataItem("PIXELTYPE", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
            EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(true);
            if (pszPixelType != nullptr && EQUAL(pszPixelType, "SIGNEDBYTE"))
                return 127;

            return 255;
        }

        case GDT_Int8:
            return 127;

        case GDT_UInt16:
            return 65535;

        case GDT_Int16:
        case GDT_CInt16:
            return 32767;

        case GDT_Int32:
        case GDT_CInt32:
            return 2147483647.0;

        case GDT_UInt32:
            return 4294967295.0;

        case GDT_Int64:
            return static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<GInt64>::max());

        case GDT_UInt64:
            return static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<GUInt64>::max());

        case GDT_Float32:
        case GDT_CFloat32:
            return 4294967295.0;  // Not actually accurate.

        case GDT_Float64:
        case GDT_CFloat64:
            return 4294967295.0;  // Not actually accurate.

        case GDT_Unknown:
        case GDT_TypeCount:
            break;
    }
    return 4294967295.0;  // Not actually accurate.
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALGetRasterMaximum()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the maximum value for this band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetMaximum()
 */

double CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterMaximum(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int *pbSuccess)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterMaximum", 0);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetMaximum(pbSuccess);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetMinimum()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the minimum value for this band.
 *
 * For file formats that don't know this intrinsically, the minimum supported
 * value for the data type will generally be returned.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterMinimum().
 *
 * @param pbSuccess pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if the
 * returned value is a tight minimum or not.  May be NULL (default).
 *
 * @return the minimum raster value (excluding no data pixels)
 */

double GDALRasterBand::GetMinimum(int *pbSuccess)

{
    const char *pszValue = nullptr;

    if ((pszValue = GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MINIMUM")) != nullptr)
    {
        if (pbSuccess != nullptr)
            *pbSuccess = TRUE;

        return CPLAtofM(pszValue);
    }

    if (pbSuccess != nullptr)
        *pbSuccess = FALSE;

    switch (eDataType)
    {
        case GDT_Byte:
        {
            EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(false);
            const char *pszPixelType =
                GetMetadataItem("PIXELTYPE", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
            EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(true);
            if (pszPixelType != nullptr && EQUAL(pszPixelType, "SIGNEDBYTE"))
                return -128;

            return 0;
        }

        case GDT_Int8:
            return -128;
            break;

        case GDT_UInt16:
            return 0;

        case GDT_Int16:
        case GDT_CInt16:
            return -32768;

        case GDT_Int32:
        case GDT_CInt32:
            return -2147483648.0;

        case GDT_UInt32:
            return 0;

        case GDT_Int64:
            return static_cast<double>(std::numeric_limits<GInt64>::min());

        case GDT_UInt64:
            return 0;

        case GDT_Float32:
        case GDT_CFloat32:
            return -4294967295.0;  // Not actually accurate.

        case GDT_Float64:
        case GDT_CFloat64:
            return -4294967295.0;  // Not actually accurate.

        case GDT_Unknown:
        case GDT_TypeCount:
            break;
    }
    return -4294967295.0;  // Not actually accurate.
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALGetRasterMinimum()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the minimum value for this band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetMinimum()
 */

double CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterMinimum(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int *pbSuccess)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterMinimum", 0);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetMinimum(pbSuccess);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GetColorInterpretation()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief How should this band be interpreted as color?
 *
 * GCI_Undefined is returned when the format doesn't know anything
 * about the color interpretation.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function
 * GDALGetRasterColorInterpretation().
 *
 * @return color interpretation value for band.
 */

GDALColorInterp GDALRasterBand::GetColorInterpretation()

{
    return GCI_Undefined;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                  GDALGetRasterColorInterpretation()                  */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief How should this band be interpreted as color?
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetColorInterpretation()
 */

GDALColorInterp CPL_STDCALL
GDALGetRasterColorInterpretation(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterColorInterpretation", GCI_Undefined);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetColorInterpretation();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       SetColorInterpretation()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::SetColorInterpretation(GDALColorInterp)
 * \brief Set color interpretation of a band.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterColorInterpretation().
 *
 * @param eColorInterp the new color interpretation to apply to this band.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure if method is unsupported by format.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetColorInterpretation(GDALColorInterp /*eColorInterp*/)

{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetColorInterpretation() not supported for this dataset.");
    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                  GDALSetRasterColorInterpretation()                  */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set color interpretation of a band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetColorInterpretation()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetRasterColorInterpretation(
    GDALRasterBandH hBand, GDALColorInterp eColorInterp)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetRasterColorInterpretation", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetColorInterpretation(eColorInterp);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetColorTable()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the color table associated with band.
 *
 * If there is no associated color table, the return result is NULL.  The
 * returned color table remains owned by the GDALRasterBand, and can't
 * be depended on for long, nor should it ever be modified by the caller.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterColorTable().
 *
 * @return internal color table, or NULL.
 */

GDALColorTable *GDALRasterBand::GetColorTable()

{
    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALGetRasterColorTable()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the color table associated with band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetColorTable()
 */

GDALColorTableH CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterColorTable(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterColorTable", nullptr);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return GDALColorTable::ToHandle(poBand->GetColorTable());
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetColorTable()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::SetColorTable(GDALColorTable*)
 * \brief Set the raster color table.
 *
 * The driver will make a copy of all desired data in the colortable.  It
 * remains owned by the caller after the call.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterColorTable().
 *
 * @param poCT the color table to apply.  This may be NULL to clear the color
 * table (where supported).
 *
 * @return CE_None on success, or CE_Failure on failure.  If the action is
 * unsupported by the driver, a value of CE_Failure is returned, but no
 * error is issued.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetColorTable(GDALColorTable * /*poCT*/)

{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetColorTable() not supported for this dataset.");
    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALSetRasterColorTable()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set the raster color table.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetColorTable()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetRasterColorTable(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                           GDALColorTableH hCT)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetRasterColorTable", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetColorTable(GDALColorTable::FromHandle(hCT));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       HasArbitraryOverviews()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Check for arbitrary overviews.
 *
 * This returns TRUE if the underlying datastore can compute arbitrary
 * overviews efficiently, such as is the case with OGDI over a network.
 * Datastores with arbitrary overviews don't generally have any fixed
 * overviews, but the RasterIO() method can be used in downsampling mode
 * to get overview data efficiently.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALHasArbitraryOverviews(),
 *
 * @return TRUE if arbitrary overviews available (efficiently), otherwise
 * FALSE.
 */

int GDALRasterBand::HasArbitraryOverviews()

{
    return FALSE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     GDALHasArbitraryOverviews()                      */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Check for arbitrary overviews.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::HasArbitraryOverviews()
 */

int CPL_STDCALL GDALHasArbitraryOverviews(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALHasArbitraryOverviews", 0);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->HasArbitraryOverviews();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetOverviewCount()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Return the number of overview layers available.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetOverviewCount().
 *
 * @return overview count, zero if none.
 */

int GDALRasterBand::GetOverviewCount()

{
    if (poDS != nullptr && poDS->oOvManager.IsInitialized() &&
        poDS->AreOverviewsEnabled())
        return poDS->oOvManager.GetOverviewCount(nBand);

    return 0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALGetOverviewCount()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Return the number of overview layers available.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetOverviewCount()
 */

int CPL_STDCALL GDALGetOverviewCount(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetOverviewCount", 0);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetOverviewCount();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetOverview()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch overview raster band object.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetOverview().
 *
 * @param i overview index between 0 and GetOverviewCount()-1.
 *
 * @return overview GDALRasterBand.
 */

GDALRasterBand *GDALRasterBand::GetOverview(int i)

{
    if (poDS != nullptr && poDS->oOvManager.IsInitialized() &&
        poDS->AreOverviewsEnabled())
        return poDS->oOvManager.GetOverview(nBand, i);

    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GDALGetOverview()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch overview raster band object.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetOverview()
 */

GDALRasterBandH CPL_STDCALL GDALGetOverview(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int i)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetOverview", nullptr);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return GDALRasterBand::ToHandle(poBand->GetOverview(i));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GetRasterSampleOverview()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch best sampling overview.
 *
 * Returns the most reduced overview of the given band that still satisfies
 * the desired number of samples.  This function can be used with zero
 * as the number of desired samples to fetch the most reduced overview.
 * The same band as was passed in will be returned if it has not overviews,
 * or if none of the overviews have enough samples.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C functions GDALGetRasterSampleOverview()
 * and GDALGetRasterSampleOverviewEx().
 *
 * @param nDesiredSamples the returned band will have at least this many
 * pixels.
 *
 * @return optimal overview or the band itself.
 */

GDALRasterBand *
GDALRasterBand::GetRasterSampleOverview(GUIntBig nDesiredSamples)

{
    GDALRasterBand *poBestBand = this;

    double dfBestSamples = GetXSize() * static_cast<double>(GetYSize());

    for (int iOverview = 0; iOverview < GetOverviewCount(); iOverview++)
    {
        GDALRasterBand *poOBand = GetOverview(iOverview);

        if (poOBand == nullptr)
            continue;

        const double dfOSamples =
            poOBand->GetXSize() * static_cast<double>(poOBand->GetYSize());

        if (dfOSamples < dfBestSamples && dfOSamples > nDesiredSamples)
        {
            dfBestSamples = dfOSamples;
            poBestBand = poOBand;
        }
    }

    return poBestBand;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    GDALGetRasterSampleOverview()                     */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch best sampling overview.
 *
 * Use GDALGetRasterSampleOverviewEx() to be able to specify more than 2
 * billion samples.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetRasterSampleOverview()
 * @see GDALGetRasterSampleOverviewEx()
 */

GDALRasterBandH CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterSampleOverview(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                                        int nDesiredSamples)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterSampleOverview", nullptr);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return GDALRasterBand::ToHandle(poBand->GetRasterSampleOverview(
        nDesiredSamples < 0 ? 0 : static_cast<GUIntBig>(nDesiredSamples)));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    GDALGetRasterSampleOverviewEx()                   */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch best sampling overview.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetRasterSampleOverview()
 * @since GDAL 2.0
 */

GDALRasterBandH CPL_STDCALL
GDALGetRasterSampleOverviewEx(GDALRasterBandH hBand, GUIntBig nDesiredSamples)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterSampleOverviewEx", nullptr);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return GDALRasterBand::ToHandle(
        poBand->GetRasterSampleOverview(nDesiredSamples));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           BuildOverviews()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::BuildOverviews(const char*, int, const int*,
 * GDALProgressFunc, void*) \brief Build raster overview(s)
 *
 * If the operation is unsupported for the indicated dataset, then
 * CE_Failure is returned, and CPLGetLastErrorNo() will return
 * CPLE_NotSupported.
 *
 * WARNING:  It is not possible to build overviews for a single band in
 * TIFF format, and thus this method does not work for TIFF format, or any
 * formats that use the default overview building in TIFF format.  Instead
 * it is necessary to build overviews on the dataset as a whole using
 * GDALDataset::BuildOverviews().  That makes this method pretty useless
 * from a practical point of view.
 *
 * @param pszResampling one of "NEAREST", "GAUSS", "CUBIC", "AVERAGE", "MODE",
 * "AVERAGE_MAGPHASE" "RMS" or "NONE" controlling the downsampling method
 * applied.
 * @param nOverviews number of overviews to build.
 * @param panOverviewList the list of overview decimation factors to build.
 * @param pfnProgress a function to call to report progress, or NULL.
 * @param pProgressData application data to pass to the progress function.
 * @param papszOptions (GDAL >= 3.6) NULL terminated list of options as
 *                     key=value pairs, or NULL
 *
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure if the operation doesn't work.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::BuildOverviews(const char * /*pszResampling*/,
                                      int /*nOverviews*/,
                                      const int * /*panOverviewList*/,
                                      GDALProgressFunc /*pfnProgress*/,
                                      void * /*pProgressData*/,
                                      CSLConstList /* papszOptions */)

{
    ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                "BuildOverviews() not supported for this dataset.");

    return (CE_Failure);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetOffset()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the raster value offset.
 *
 * This value (in combination with the GetScale() value) can be used to
 * transform raw pixel values into the units returned by GetUnitType().
 * For example this might be used to store elevations in GUInt16 bands
 * with a precision of 0.1, and starting from -100.
 *
 * Units value = (raw value * scale) + offset
 *
 * Note that applying scale and offset is of the responsibility of the user,
 * and is not done by methods such as RasterIO() or ReadBlock().
 *
 * For file formats that don't know this intrinsically a value of zero
 * is returned.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterOffset().
 *
 * @param pbSuccess pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if the
 * returned value is meaningful or not.  May be NULL (default).
 *
 * @return the raster offset.
 */

double GDALRasterBand::GetOffset(int *pbSuccess)

{
    if (pbSuccess != nullptr)
        *pbSuccess = FALSE;

    return 0.0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALGetRasterOffset()                         */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the raster value offset.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetOffset()
 */

double CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterOffset(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int *pbSuccess)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterOffset", 0);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetOffset(pbSuccess);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetOffset()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::SetOffset(double)
 * \brief Set scaling offset.
 *
 * Very few formats implement this method.   When not implemented it will
 * issue a CPLE_NotSupported error and return CE_Failure.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterOffset().
 *
 * @param dfNewOffset the new offset.
 *
 * @return CE_None or success or CE_Failure on failure.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetOffset(double /*dfNewOffset*/)
{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetOffset() not supported on this raster band.");

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALSetRasterOffset()                         */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set scaling offset.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetOffset()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetRasterOffset(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                       double dfNewOffset)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetRasterOffset", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetOffset(dfNewOffset);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the raster value scale.
 *
 * This value (in combination with the GetOffset() value) can be used to
 * transform raw pixel values into the units returned by GetUnitType().
 * For example this might be used to store elevations in GUInt16 bands
 * with a precision of 0.1, and starting from -100.
 *
 * Units value = (raw value * scale) + offset
 *
 * Note that applying scale and offset is of the responsibility of the user,
 * and is not done by methods such as RasterIO() or ReadBlock().
 *
 * For file formats that don't know this intrinsically a value of one
 * is returned.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterScale().
 *
 * @param pbSuccess pointer to a boolean to use to indicate if the
 * returned value is meaningful or not.  May be NULL (default).
 *
 * @return the raster scale.
 */

double GDALRasterBand::GetScale(int *pbSuccess)

{
    if (pbSuccess != nullptr)
        *pbSuccess = FALSE;

    return 1.0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALGetRasterScale()                         */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the raster value scale.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetScale()
 */

double CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterScale(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int *pbSuccess)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterScale", 0);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetScale(pbSuccess);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::SetScale(double)
 * \brief Set scaling ratio.
 *
 * Very few formats implement this method.   When not implemented it will
 * issue a CPLE_NotSupported error and return CE_Failure.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterScale().
 *
 * @param dfNewScale the new scale.
 *
 * @return CE_None or success or CE_Failure on failure.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetScale(double /*dfNewScale*/)

{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetScale() not supported on this raster band.");

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALSetRasterScale()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set scaling ratio.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetScale()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetRasterScale(GDALRasterBandH hBand, double dfNewOffset)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetRasterScale", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetScale(dfNewOffset);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetUnitType()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Return raster unit type.
 *
 * Return a name for the units of this raster's values.  For instance, it
 * might be "m" for an elevation model in meters, or "ft" for feet.  If no
 * units are available, a value of "" will be returned.  The returned string
 * should not be modified, nor freed by the calling application.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterUnitType().
 *
 * @return unit name string.
 */

const char *GDALRasterBand::GetUnitType()

{
    return "";
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALGetRasterUnitType()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Return raster unit type.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetUnitType()
 */

const char *CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterUnitType(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterUnitType", nullptr);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetUnitType();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            SetUnitType()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::SetUnitType(const char*)
 * \brief Set unit type.
 *
 * Set the unit type for a raster band.  Values should be one of
 * "" (the default indicating it is unknown), "m" indicating meters,
 * or "ft" indicating feet, though other nonstandard values are allowed.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterUnitType().
 *
 * @param pszNewValue the new unit type value.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure if not successful, or
 * unsupported.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetUnitType(const char * /*pszNewValue*/)

{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetUnitType() not supported on this raster band.");
    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALSetRasterUnitType()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set unit type.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetUnitType()
 *
 * @since GDAL 1.8.0
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetRasterUnitType(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                         const char *pszNewValue)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetRasterUnitType", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetUnitType(pszNewValue);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetXSize()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch XSize of raster.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterBandXSize().
 *
 * @return the width in pixels of this band.
 */

int GDALRasterBand::GetXSize()

{
    return nRasterXSize;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALGetRasterBandXSize()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch XSize of raster.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetXSize()
 */

int CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterBandXSize(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterBandXSize", 0);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetXSize();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetYSize()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch YSize of raster.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterBandYSize().
 *
 * @return the height in pixels of this band.
 */

int GDALRasterBand::GetYSize()

{
    return nRasterYSize;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALGetRasterBandYSize()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch YSize of raster.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetYSize()
 */

int CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterBandYSize(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterBandYSize", 0);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetYSize();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetBand()                               */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the band number.
 *
 * This method returns the band that this GDALRasterBand objects represents
 * within its dataset.  This method may return a value of 0 to indicate
 * GDALRasterBand objects without an apparently relationship to a dataset,
 * such as GDALRasterBands serving as overviews.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetBandNumber().
 *
 * @return band number (1+) or 0 if the band number isn't known.
 */

int GDALRasterBand::GetBand()

{
    return nBand;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALGetBandNumber()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the band number.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetBand()
 */

int CPL_STDCALL GDALGetBandNumber(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetBandNumber", 0);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetBand();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetDataset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the owning dataset handle.
 *
 * Note that some GDALRasterBands are not considered to be a part of a dataset,
 * such as overviews or other "freestanding" bands.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetBandDataset().
 *
 * @return the pointer to the GDALDataset to which this band belongs, or
 * NULL if this cannot be determined.
 */

GDALDataset *GDALRasterBand::GetDataset()

{
    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALGetBandDataset()                         */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch the owning dataset handle.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetDataset()
 */

GDALDatasetH CPL_STDCALL GDALGetBandDataset(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetBandDataset", nullptr);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return GDALDataset::ToHandle(poBand->GetDataset());
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ComputeFloatNoDataValue()                     */
/************************************************************************/

static inline void ComputeFloatNoDataValue(GDALDataType eDataType,
                                           double dfNoDataValue,
                                           int &bGotNoDataValue,
                                           float &fNoDataValue,
                                           bool &bGotFloatNoDataValue)
{
    if (eDataType == GDT_Float32 && bGotNoDataValue)
    {
        dfNoDataValue = GDALAdjustNoDataCloseToFloatMax(dfNoDataValue);
        if (GDALIsValueInRange<float>(dfNoDataValue))
        {
            fNoDataValue = static_cast<float>(dfNoDataValue);
            bGotFloatNoDataValue = true;
            bGotNoDataValue = false;
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetHistogram()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Compute raster histogram.
 *
 * Note that the bucket size is (dfMax-dfMin) / nBuckets.
 *
 * For example to compute a simple 256 entry histogram of eight bit data,
 * the following would be suitable.  The unusual bounds are to ensure that
 * bucket boundaries don't fall right on integer values causing possible errors
 * due to rounding after scaling.
\code{.cpp}
    GUIntBig anHistogram[256];

    poBand->GetHistogram( -0.5, 255.5, 256, anHistogram, FALSE, FALSE,
                          GDALDummyProgress, nullptr );
\endcode
 *
 * Note that setting bApproxOK will generally result in a subsampling of the
 * file, and will utilize overviews if available.  It should generally
 * produce a representative histogram for the data that is suitable for use
 * in generating histogram based luts for instance.  Generally bApproxOK is
 * much faster than an exactly computed histogram.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C functions GDALGetRasterHistogram() and
 * GDALGetRasterHistogramEx().
 *
 * @param dfMin the lower bound of the histogram.
 * @param dfMax the upper bound of the histogram.
 * @param nBuckets the number of buckets in panHistogram.
 * @param panHistogram array into which the histogram totals are placed.
 * @param bIncludeOutOfRange if TRUE values below the histogram range will
 * mapped into panHistogram[0], and values above will be mapped into
 * panHistogram[nBuckets-1] otherwise out of range values are discarded.
 * @param bApproxOK TRUE if an approximate, or incomplete histogram OK.
 * @param pfnProgress function to report progress to completion.
 * @param pProgressData application data to pass to pfnProgress.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success, or CE_Failure if something goes wrong.
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::GetHistogram(double dfMin, double dfMax, int nBuckets,
                                    GUIntBig *panHistogram,
                                    int bIncludeOutOfRange, int bApproxOK,
                                    GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                    void *pProgressData)

{
    CPLAssert(nullptr != panHistogram);

    if (pfnProgress == nullptr)
        pfnProgress = GDALDummyProgress;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If we have overviews, use them for the histogram.               */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (bApproxOK && GetOverviewCount() > 0 && !HasArbitraryOverviews())
    {
        // FIXME: should we use the most reduced overview here or use some
        // minimum number of samples like GDALRasterBand::ComputeStatistics()
        // does?
        GDALRasterBand *poBestOverview = GetRasterSampleOverview(0);

        if (poBestOverview != this)
        {
            return poBestOverview->GetHistogram(
                dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets, panHistogram, bIncludeOutOfRange,
                bApproxOK, pfnProgress, pProgressData);
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Read actual data and build histogram.                           */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (!pfnProgress(0.0, "Compute Histogram", pProgressData))
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt, "User terminated");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    // Written this way to deal with NaN
    if (!(dfMax > dfMin))
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "dfMax should be strictly greater than dfMin");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    GDALRasterIOExtraArg sExtraArg;
    INIT_RASTERIO_EXTRA_ARG(sExtraArg);

    const double dfScale = nBuckets / (dfMax - dfMin);
    if (dfScale == 0 || !std::isfinite(dfScale))
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "dfMin and dfMax should be finite values such that "
                    "nBuckets / (dfMax - dfMin) is non-zero");
        return CE_Failure;
    }
    memset(panHistogram, 0, sizeof(GUIntBig) * nBuckets);

    int bGotNoDataValue = FALSE;
    const double dfNoDataValue = GetNoDataValue(&bGotNoDataValue);
    bGotNoDataValue = bGotNoDataValue && !CPLIsNan(dfNoDataValue);
    bool bGotFloatNoDataValue = false;
    float fNoDataValue = 0.0f;
    ComputeFloatNoDataValue(eDataType, dfNoDataValue, bGotNoDataValue,
                            fNoDataValue, bGotFloatNoDataValue);
    GDALRasterBand *poMaskBand = nullptr;
    if (!bGotNoDataValue)
    {
        const int l_nMaskFlags = GetMaskFlags();
        if (l_nMaskFlags != GMF_ALL_VALID && l_nMaskFlags != GMF_NODATA &&
            GetColorInterpretation() != GCI_AlphaBand)
        {
            poMaskBand = GetMaskBand();
        }
    }

    bool bSignedByte = false;
    if (eDataType == GDT_Byte)
    {
        EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(false);
        const char *pszPixelType =
            GetMetadataItem("PIXELTYPE", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
        EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(true);
        bSignedByte =
            pszPixelType != nullptr && EQUAL(pszPixelType, "SIGNEDBYTE");
    }

    if (bApproxOK && HasArbitraryOverviews())
    {
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Figure out how much the image should be reduced to get an */
        /*      approximate value. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        const double dfReduction =
            sqrt(static_cast<double>(nRasterXSize) * nRasterYSize /
                 GDALSTAT_APPROX_NUMSAMPLES);

        int nXReduced = nRasterXSize;
        int nYReduced = nRasterYSize;
        if (dfReduction > 1.0)
        {
            nXReduced = static_cast<int>(nRasterXSize / dfReduction);
            nYReduced = static_cast<int>(nRasterYSize / dfReduction);

            // Catch the case of huge resizing ratios here
            if (nXReduced == 0)
                nXReduced = 1;
            if (nYReduced == 0)
                nYReduced = 1;
        }

        void *pData = VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType),
                                          nXReduced, nYReduced);
        if (!pData)
            return CE_Failure;

        const CPLErr eErr =
            IRasterIO(GF_Read, 0, 0, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize, pData,
                      nXReduced, nYReduced, eDataType, 0, 0, &sExtraArg);
        if (eErr != CE_None)
        {
            CPLFree(pData);
            return eErr;
        }

        GByte *pabyMaskData = nullptr;
        if (poMaskBand)
        {
            pabyMaskData =
                static_cast<GByte *>(VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(nXReduced, nYReduced));
            if (!pabyMaskData)
            {
                CPLFree(pData);
                return CE_Failure;
            }

            if (poMaskBand->RasterIO(GF_Read, 0, 0, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize,
                                     pabyMaskData, nXReduced, nYReduced,
                                     GDT_Byte, 0, 0, nullptr) != CE_None)
            {
                CPLFree(pData);
                CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
                return CE_Failure;
            }
        }

        // This isn't the fastest way to do this, but is easier for now.
        for (int iY = 0; iY < nYReduced; iY++)
        {
            for (int iX = 0; iX < nXReduced; iX++)
            {
                const int iOffset = iX + iY * nXReduced;
                double dfValue = 0.0;

                if (pabyMaskData && pabyMaskData[iOffset] == 0)
                    continue;

                switch (eDataType)
                {
                    case GDT_Byte:
                    {
                        if (bSignedByte)
                            dfValue =
                                static_cast<signed char *>(pData)[iOffset];
                        else
                            dfValue = static_cast<GByte *>(pData)[iOffset];
                        break;
                    }
                    case GDT_Int8:
                        dfValue = static_cast<GInt8 *>(pData)[iOffset];
                        break;
                    case GDT_UInt16:
                        dfValue = static_cast<GUInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset];
                        break;
                    case GDT_Int16:
                        dfValue = static_cast<GInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset];
                        break;
                    case GDT_UInt32:
                        dfValue = static_cast<GUInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset];
                        break;
                    case GDT_Int32:
                        dfValue = static_cast<GInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset];
                        break;
                    case GDT_UInt64:
                        dfValue = static_cast<double>(
                            static_cast<GUInt64 *>(pData)[iOffset]);
                        break;
                    case GDT_Int64:
                        dfValue = static_cast<double>(
                            static_cast<GInt64 *>(pData)[iOffset]);
                        break;
                    case GDT_Float32:
                    {
                        const float fValue =
                            static_cast<float *>(pData)[iOffset];
                        if (CPLIsNan(fValue) ||
                            (bGotFloatNoDataValue &&
                             ARE_REAL_EQUAL(fValue, fNoDataValue)))
                            continue;
                        dfValue = fValue;
                        break;
                    }
                    case GDT_Float64:
                        dfValue = static_cast<double *>(pData)[iOffset];
                        if (CPLIsNan(dfValue))
                            continue;
                        break;
                    case GDT_CInt16:
                    {
                        const double dfReal =
                            static_cast<GInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
                        const double dfImag =
                            static_cast<GInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset * 2 + 1];
                        if (CPLIsNan(dfReal) || CPLIsNan(dfImag))
                            continue;
                        dfValue = sqrt(dfReal * dfReal + dfImag * dfImag);
                    }
                    break;
                    case GDT_CInt32:
                    {
                        const double dfReal =
                            static_cast<GInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
                        const double dfImag =
                            static_cast<GInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset * 2 + 1];
                        if (CPLIsNan(dfReal) || CPLIsNan(dfImag))
                            continue;
                        dfValue = sqrt(dfReal * dfReal + dfImag * dfImag);
                    }
                    break;
                    case GDT_CFloat32:
                    {
                        const double dfReal =
                            static_cast<float *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
                        const double dfImag =
                            static_cast<float *>(pData)[iOffset * 2 + 1];
                        if (CPLIsNan(dfReal) || CPLIsNan(dfImag))
                            continue;
                        dfValue = sqrt(dfReal * dfReal + dfImag * dfImag);
                    }
                    break;
                    case GDT_CFloat64:
                    {
                        const double dfReal =
                            static_cast<double *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
                        const double dfImag =
                            static_cast<double *>(pData)[iOffset * 2 + 1];
                        if (CPLIsNan(dfReal) || CPLIsNan(dfImag))
                            continue;
                        dfValue = sqrt(dfReal * dfReal + dfImag * dfImag);
                    }
                    break;
                    case GDT_Unknown:
                    case GDT_TypeCount:
                        CPLAssert(false);
                }

                if (eDataType != GDT_Float32 && bGotNoDataValue &&
                    ARE_REAL_EQUAL(dfValue, dfNoDataValue))
                    continue;

                // Given that dfValue and dfMin are not NaN, and dfScale > 0 and
                // finite, the result of the multiplication cannot be NaN
                const double dfIndex = floor((dfValue - dfMin) * dfScale);

                if (dfIndex < 0)
                {
                    if (bIncludeOutOfRange)
                        panHistogram[0]++;
                }
                else if (dfIndex >= nBuckets)
                {
                    if (bIncludeOutOfRange)
                        ++panHistogram[nBuckets - 1];
                }
                else
                {
                    ++panHistogram[static_cast<int>(dfIndex)];
                }
            }
        }

        CPLFree(pData);
        CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
    }
    else  // No arbitrary overviews.
    {
        if (!InitBlockInfo())
            return CE_Failure;

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Figure out the ratio of blocks we will read to get an */
        /*      approximate value. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */

        int nSampleRate = 1;
        if (bApproxOK)
        {
            nSampleRate = static_cast<int>(std::max(
                1.0,
                sqrt(static_cast<double>(nBlocksPerRow) * nBlocksPerColumn)));
            // We want to avoid probing only the first column of blocks for
            // a square shaped raster, because it is not unlikely that it may
            // be padding only (#6378).
            if (nSampleRate == nBlocksPerRow && nBlocksPerRow > 1)
                nSampleRate += 1;
        }

        GByte *pabyMaskData = nullptr;
        if (poMaskBand)
        {
            pabyMaskData = static_cast<GByte *>(
                VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize));
            if (!pabyMaskData)
            {
                return CE_Failure;
            }
        }

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Read the blocks, and add to histogram. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        for (int iSampleBlock = 0;
             iSampleBlock < nBlocksPerRow * nBlocksPerColumn;
             iSampleBlock += nSampleRate)
        {
            if (!pfnProgress(
                    iSampleBlock /
                        (static_cast<double>(nBlocksPerRow) * nBlocksPerColumn),
                    "Compute Histogram", pProgressData))
            {
                CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
                return CE_Failure;
            }

            const int iYBlock = iSampleBlock / nBlocksPerRow;
            const int iXBlock = iSampleBlock - nBlocksPerRow * iYBlock;

            GDALRasterBlock *poBlock = GetLockedBlockRef(iXBlock, iYBlock);
            if (poBlock == nullptr)
            {
                CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
                return CE_Failure;
            }

            void *pData = poBlock->GetDataRef();

            int nXCheck = 0, nYCheck = 0;
            GetActualBlockSize(iXBlock, iYBlock, &nXCheck, &nYCheck);

            if (poMaskBand &&
                poMaskBand->RasterIO(GF_Read, iXBlock * nBlockXSize,
                                     iYBlock * nBlockYSize, nXCheck, nYCheck,
                                     pabyMaskData, nXCheck, nYCheck, GDT_Byte,
                                     0, nBlockXSize, nullptr) != CE_None)
            {
                CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
                poBlock->DropLock();
                return CE_Failure;
            }

            // this is a special case for a common situation.
            if (eDataType == GDT_Byte && !bSignedByte && dfScale == 1.0 &&
                (dfMin >= -0.5 && dfMin <= 0.5) && nYCheck == nBlockYSize &&
                nXCheck == nBlockXSize && nBuckets == 256)
            {
                const GPtrDiff_t nPixels =
                    static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
                GByte *pabyData = static_cast<GByte *>(pData);

                for (GPtrDiff_t i = 0; i < nPixels; i++)
                {
                    if (pabyMaskData && pabyMaskData[i] == 0)
                        continue;
                    if (!(bGotNoDataValue &&
                          (pabyData[i] == static_cast<GByte>(dfNoDataValue))))
                    {
                        panHistogram[pabyData[i]]++;
                    }
                }

                poBlock->DropLock();
                continue;  // To next sample block.
            }

            // This isn't the fastest way to do this, but is easier for now.
            for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
            {
                for (int iX = 0; iX < nXCheck; iX++)
                {
                    const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                        iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;

                    if (pabyMaskData && pabyMaskData[iOffset] == 0)
                        continue;

                    double dfValue = 0.0;

                    switch (eDataType)
                    {
                        case GDT_Byte:
                        {
                            if (bSignedByte)
                                dfValue =
                                    static_cast<signed char *>(pData)[iOffset];
                            else
                                dfValue = static_cast<GByte *>(pData)[iOffset];
                            break;
                        }
                        case GDT_Int8:
                            dfValue = static_cast<GInt8 *>(pData)[iOffset];
                            break;
                        case GDT_UInt16:
                            dfValue = static_cast<GUInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset];
                            break;
                        case GDT_Int16:
                            dfValue = static_cast<GInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset];
                            break;
                        case GDT_UInt32:
                            dfValue = static_cast<GUInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset];
                            break;
                        case GDT_Int32:
                            dfValue = static_cast<GInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset];
                            break;
                        case GDT_UInt64:
                            dfValue = static_cast<double>(
                                static_cast<GUInt64 *>(pData)[iOffset]);
                            break;
                        case GDT_Int64:
                            dfValue = static_cast<double>(
                                static_cast<GInt64 *>(pData)[iOffset]);
                            break;
                        case GDT_Float32:
                        {
                            const float fValue =
                                static_cast<float *>(pData)[iOffset];
                            if (CPLIsNan(fValue) ||
                                (bGotFloatNoDataValue &&
                                 ARE_REAL_EQUAL(fValue, fNoDataValue)))
                                continue;
                            dfValue = fValue;
                            break;
                        }
                        case GDT_Float64:
                            dfValue = static_cast<double *>(pData)[iOffset];
                            if (CPLIsNan(dfValue))
                                continue;
                            break;
                        case GDT_CInt16:
                        {
                            double dfReal =
                                static_cast<GInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
                            double dfImag =
                                static_cast<GInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset * 2 + 1];
                            dfValue = sqrt(dfReal * dfReal + dfImag * dfImag);
                        }
                        break;
                        case GDT_CInt32:
                        {
                            double dfReal =
                                static_cast<GInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
                            double dfImag =
                                static_cast<GInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset * 2 + 1];
                            dfValue = sqrt(dfReal * dfReal + dfImag * dfImag);
                        }
                        break;
                        case GDT_CFloat32:
                        {
                            double dfReal =
                                static_cast<float *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
                            double dfImag =
                                static_cast<float *>(pData)[iOffset * 2 + 1];
                            if (CPLIsNan(dfReal) || CPLIsNan(dfImag))
                                continue;
                            dfValue = sqrt(dfReal * dfReal + dfImag * dfImag);
                        }
                        break;
                        case GDT_CFloat64:
                        {
                            double dfReal =
                                static_cast<double *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
                            double dfImag =
                                static_cast<double *>(pData)[iOffset * 2 + 1];
                            if (CPLIsNan(dfReal) || CPLIsNan(dfImag))
                                continue;
                            dfValue = sqrt(dfReal * dfReal + dfImag * dfImag);
                        }
                        break;
                        case GDT_Unknown:
                        case GDT_TypeCount:
                            CPLAssert(false);
                            CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
                            return CE_Failure;
                    }

                    if (eDataType != GDT_Float32 && bGotNoDataValue &&
                        ARE_REAL_EQUAL(dfValue, dfNoDataValue))
                        continue;

                    // Given that dfValue and dfMin are not NaN, and dfScale > 0
                    // and finite, the result of the multiplication cannot be
                    // NaN
                    const double dfIndex = floor((dfValue - dfMin) * dfScale);

                    if (dfIndex < 0)
                    {
                        if (bIncludeOutOfRange)
                            panHistogram[0]++;
                    }
                    else if (dfIndex >= nBuckets)
                    {
                        if (bIncludeOutOfRange)
                            ++panHistogram[nBuckets - 1];
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        ++panHistogram[static_cast<int>(dfIndex)];
                    }
                }
            }

            poBlock->DropLock();
        }

        CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
    }

    pfnProgress(1.0, "Compute Histogram", pProgressData);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALGetRasterHistogram()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Compute raster histogram.
 *
 * Use GDALGetRasterHistogramEx() instead to get correct counts for values
 * exceeding 2 billion.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetHistogram()
 * @see GDALGetRasterHistogramEx()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterHistogram(GDALRasterBandH hBand, double dfMin,
                                          double dfMax, int nBuckets,
                                          int *panHistogram,
                                          int bIncludeOutOfRange, int bApproxOK,
                                          GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                          void *pProgressData)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterHistogram", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(panHistogram, "GDALGetRasterHistogram", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);

    GUIntBig *panHistogramTemp =
        static_cast<GUIntBig *>(VSIMalloc2(sizeof(GUIntBig), nBuckets));
    if (panHistogramTemp == nullptr)
    {
        poBand->ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory,
                            "Out of memory in GDALGetRasterHistogram().");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    CPLErr eErr = poBand->GetHistogram(dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets, panHistogramTemp,
                                       bIncludeOutOfRange, bApproxOK,
                                       pfnProgress, pProgressData);

    if (eErr == CE_None)
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < nBuckets; i++)
        {
            if (panHistogramTemp[i] > INT_MAX)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Count for bucket %d, which is " CPL_FRMT_GUIB
                         " exceeds maximum 32 bit value",
                         i, panHistogramTemp[i]);
                panHistogram[i] = INT_MAX;
            }
            else
            {
                panHistogram[i] = static_cast<int>(panHistogramTemp[i]);
            }
        }
    }

    CPLFree(panHistogramTemp);

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALGetRasterHistogramEx()                      */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Compute raster histogram.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetHistogram()
 *
 * @since GDAL 2.0
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterHistogramEx(
    GDALRasterBandH hBand, double dfMin, double dfMax, int nBuckets,
    GUIntBig *panHistogram, int bIncludeOutOfRange, int bApproxOK,
    GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress, void *pProgressData)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterHistogramEx", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(panHistogram, "GDALGetRasterHistogramEx", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);

    return poBand->GetHistogram(dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets, panHistogram,
                                bIncludeOutOfRange, bApproxOK, pfnProgress,
                                pProgressData);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GetDefaultHistogram()                         */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch default raster histogram.
 *
 * The default method in GDALRasterBand will compute a default histogram. This
 * method is overridden by derived classes (such as GDALPamRasterBand,
 * VRTDataset, HFADataset...) that may be able to fetch efficiently an already
 * stored histogram.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C functions GDALGetDefaultHistogram() and
 * GDALGetDefaultHistogramEx().
 *
 * @param pdfMin pointer to double value that will contain the lower bound of
 * the histogram.
 * @param pdfMax pointer to double value that will contain the upper bound of
 * the histogram.
 * @param pnBuckets pointer to int value that will contain the number of buckets
 * in *ppanHistogram.
 * @param ppanHistogram pointer to array into which the histogram totals are
 * placed. To be freed with VSIFree
 * @param bForce TRUE to force the computation. If FALSE and no default
 * histogram is available, the method will return CE_Warning
 * @param pfnProgress function to report progress to completion.
 * @param pProgressData application data to pass to pfnProgress.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success, CE_Failure if something goes wrong, or
 * CE_Warning if no default histogram is available.
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::GetDefaultHistogram(double *pdfMin, double *pdfMax,
                                           int *pnBuckets,
                                           GUIntBig **ppanHistogram, int bForce,
                                           GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                           void *pProgressData)

{
    CPLAssert(nullptr != pnBuckets);
    CPLAssert(nullptr != ppanHistogram);
    CPLAssert(nullptr != pdfMin);
    CPLAssert(nullptr != pdfMax);

    *pnBuckets = 0;
    *ppanHistogram = nullptr;

    if (!bForce)
        return CE_Warning;

    const int nBuckets = 256;

    bool bSignedByte = false;
    if (eDataType == GDT_Byte)
    {
        EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(false);
        const char *pszPixelType =
            GetMetadataItem("PIXELTYPE", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
        EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(true);
        bSignedByte =
            pszPixelType != nullptr && EQUAL(pszPixelType, "SIGNEDBYTE");
    }

    if (GetRasterDataType() == GDT_Byte && !bSignedByte)
    {
        *pdfMin = -0.5;
        *pdfMax = 255.5;
    }
    else
    {

        const CPLErr eErr =
            GetStatistics(TRUE, TRUE, pdfMin, pdfMax, nullptr, nullptr);
        const double dfHalfBucket = (*pdfMax - *pdfMin) / (2 * (nBuckets - 1));
        *pdfMin -= dfHalfBucket;
        *pdfMax += dfHalfBucket;

        if (eErr != CE_None)
            return eErr;
    }

    *ppanHistogram =
        static_cast<GUIntBig *>(VSICalloc(sizeof(GUIntBig), nBuckets));
    if (*ppanHistogram == nullptr)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory,
                    "Out of memory in InitBlockInfo().");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    *pnBuckets = nBuckets;
    CPLErr eErr = GetHistogram(*pdfMin, *pdfMax, *pnBuckets, *ppanHistogram,
                               TRUE, FALSE, pfnProgress, pProgressData);
    if (eErr != CE_None)
    {
        *pnBuckets = 0;
    }
    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALGetDefaultHistogram()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch default raster histogram.
 *
 * Use GDALGetRasterHistogramEx() instead to get correct counts for values
 * exceeding 2 billion.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GDALGetDefaultHistogram()
 * @see GDALGetRasterHistogramEx()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALGetDefaultHistogram(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                           double *pdfMin, double *pdfMax,
                                           int *pnBuckets, int **ppanHistogram,
                                           int bForce,
                                           GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                           void *pProgressData)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(pdfMin, "GDALGetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(pdfMax, "GDALGetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(pnBuckets, "GDALGetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(ppanHistogram, "GDALGetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *const poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    GUIntBig *panHistogramTemp = nullptr;
    CPLErr eErr = poBand->GetDefaultHistogram(pdfMin, pdfMax, pnBuckets,
                                              &panHistogramTemp, bForce,
                                              pfnProgress, pProgressData);
    if (eErr == CE_None)
    {
        const int nBuckets = *pnBuckets;
        *ppanHistogram = static_cast<int *>(VSIMalloc2(sizeof(int), nBuckets));
        if (*ppanHistogram == nullptr)
        {
            poBand->ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory,
                                "Out of memory in GDALGetDefaultHistogram().");
            VSIFree(panHistogramTemp);
            return CE_Failure;
        }

        for (int i = 0; i < nBuckets; ++i)
        {
            if (panHistogramTemp[i] > INT_MAX)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Count for bucket %d, which is " CPL_FRMT_GUIB
                         " exceeds maximum 32 bit value",
                         i, panHistogramTemp[i]);
                (*ppanHistogram)[i] = INT_MAX;
            }
            else
            {
                (*ppanHistogram)[i] = static_cast<int>(panHistogramTemp[i]);
            }
        }

        CPLFree(panHistogramTemp);
    }
    else
    {
        *ppanHistogram = nullptr;
    }

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALGetDefaultHistogramEx()                     */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch default raster histogram.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetDefaultHistogram()
 *
 * @since GDAL 2.0
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL
GDALGetDefaultHistogramEx(GDALRasterBandH hBand, double *pdfMin, double *pdfMax,
                          int *pnBuckets, GUIntBig **ppanHistogram, int bForce,
                          GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress, void *pProgressData)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(pdfMin, "GDALGetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(pdfMax, "GDALGetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(pnBuckets, "GDALGetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(ppanHistogram, "GDALGetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetDefaultHistogram(pdfMin, pdfMax, pnBuckets, ppanHistogram,
                                       bForce, pfnProgress, pProgressData);
}
/************************************************************************/
/*                             AdviseRead()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::AdviseRead(int,int,int,int,int,int,GDALDataType,char**)
 * \brief Advise driver of upcoming read requests.
 *
 * Some GDAL drivers operate more efficiently if they know in advance what
 * set of upcoming read requests will be made.  The AdviseRead() method allows
 * an application to notify the driver of the region of interest,
 * and at what resolution the region will be read.
 *
 * Many drivers just ignore the AdviseRead() call, but it can dramatically
 * accelerate access via some drivers.
 *
 * Depending on call paths, drivers might receive several calls to
 * AdviseRead() with the same parameters.
 *
 * @param nXOff The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be accessed.  This would be zero to start from the left side.
 *
 * @param nYOff The line offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be accessed.  This would be zero to start from the top.
 *
 * @param nXSize The width of the region of the band to be accessed in pixels.
 *
 * @param nYSize The height of the region of the band to be accessed in lines.
 *
 * @param nBufXSize the width of the buffer image into which the desired region
 * is to be read, or from which it is to be written.
 *
 * @param nBufYSize the height of the buffer image into which the desired
 * region is to be read, or from which it is to be written.
 *
 * @param eBufType the type of the pixel values in the pData data buffer.  The
 * pixel values will automatically be translated to/from the GDALRasterBand
 * data type as needed.
 *
 * @param papszOptions a list of name=value strings with special control
 * options.  Normally this is NULL.
 *
 * @return CE_Failure if the request is invalid and CE_None if it works or
 * is ignored.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::AdviseRead(int /*nXOff*/, int /*nYOff*/, int /*nXSize*/,
                                  int /*nYSize*/, int /*nBufXSize*/,
                                  int /*nBufYSize*/, GDALDataType /*eBufType*/,
                                  char ** /*papszOptions*/)
{
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALRasterAdviseRead()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Advise driver of upcoming read requests.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::AdviseRead()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALRasterAdviseRead(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int nXOff,
                                        int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                                        int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                                        GDALDataType eDT,
                                        CSLConstList papszOptions)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALRasterAdviseRead", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->AdviseRead(nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, nBufXSize,
                              nBufYSize, eDT,
                              const_cast<char **>(papszOptions));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetStatistics()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch image statistics.
 *
 * Returns the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of all
 * pixel values in this band.  If approximate statistics are sufficient,
 * the bApproxOK flag can be set to true in which case overviews, or a
 * subset of image tiles may be used in computing the statistics.
 *
 * If bForce is FALSE results will only be returned if it can be done
 * quickly (i.e. without scanning the image, typically by using pre-existing
 * STATISTICS_xxx metadata items). If bForce is FALSE and results cannot be
 * returned efficiently, the method will return CE_Warning but no warning will
 * be issued. This is a non-standard use of the CE_Warning return value
 * to indicate "nothing done".
 *
 * If bForce is TRUE, and results are quickly available without scanning the
 * image, they will be used. If bForce is TRUE and results are not quickly
 * available, GetStatistics() forwards the computation to ComputeStatistics(),
 * which will scan the image.
 *
 * To always force recomputation of statistics, use ComputeStatistics() instead
 * of this method.
 *
 * Note that file formats using PAM (Persistent Auxiliary Metadata) services
 * will generally cache statistics in the .pam file allowing fast fetch
 * after the first request.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetRasterStatistics().
 *
 * @param bApproxOK If TRUE statistics may be computed based on overviews
 * or a subset of all tiles.
 *
 * @param bForce If FALSE statistics will only be returned if it can
 * be done without rescanning the image. If TRUE, statistics computation will
 * be forced if pre-existing values are not quickly available.
 *
 * @param pdfMin Location into which to load image minimum (may be NULL).
 *
 * @param pdfMax Location into which to load image maximum (may be NULL).-
 *
 * @param pdfMean Location into which to load image mean (may be NULL).
 *
 * @param pdfStdDev Location into which to load image standard deviation
 * (may be NULL).
 *
 * @return CE_None on success, CE_Warning if no values returned,
 * CE_Failure if an error occurs.
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::GetStatistics(int bApproxOK, int bForce, double *pdfMin,
                                     double *pdfMax, double *pdfMean,
                                     double *pdfStdDev)

{
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Do we already have metadata items for the requested values?     */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if ((pdfMin == nullptr ||
         GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MINIMUM") != nullptr) &&
        (pdfMax == nullptr ||
         GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MAXIMUM") != nullptr) &&
        (pdfMean == nullptr || GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MEAN") != nullptr) &&
        (pdfStdDev == nullptr ||
         GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_STDDEV") != nullptr))
    {
        if (!(GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_APPROXIMATE") && !bApproxOK))
        {
            if (pdfMin != nullptr)
                *pdfMin = CPLAtofM(GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MINIMUM"));
            if (pdfMax != nullptr)
                *pdfMax = CPLAtofM(GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MAXIMUM"));
            if (pdfMean != nullptr)
                *pdfMean = CPLAtofM(GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MEAN"));
            if (pdfStdDev != nullptr)
                *pdfStdDev = CPLAtofM(GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_STDDEV"));

            return CE_None;
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Does the driver already know the min/max?                       */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (bApproxOK && pdfMean == nullptr && pdfStdDev == nullptr)
    {
        int bSuccessMin = FALSE;
        int bSuccessMax = FALSE;

        const double dfMin = GetMinimum(&bSuccessMin);
        const double dfMax = GetMaximum(&bSuccessMax);

        if (bSuccessMin && bSuccessMax)
        {
            if (pdfMin != nullptr)
                *pdfMin = dfMin;
            if (pdfMax != nullptr)
                *pdfMax = dfMax;
            return CE_None;
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Either return without results, or force computation.            */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (!bForce)
        return CE_Warning;
    else
        return ComputeStatistics(bApproxOK, pdfMin, pdfMax, pdfMean, pdfStdDev,
                                 GDALDummyProgress, nullptr);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALGetRasterStatistics()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch image statistics.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetStatistics()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALGetRasterStatistics(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int bApproxOK,
                                           int bForce, double *pdfMin,
                                           double *pdfMax, double *pdfMean,
                                           double *pdfStdDev)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetRasterStatistics", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetStatistics(bApproxOK, bForce, pdfMin, pdfMax, pdfMean,
                                 pdfStdDev);
}

#ifdef CPL_HAS_GINT64

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALUInt128                                  */
/************************************************************************/

#ifdef HAVE_UINT128_T
class GDALUInt128
{
    __uint128_t val;

    explicit GDALUInt128(__uint128_t valIn) : val(valIn)
    {
    }

  public:
    static GDALUInt128 Mul(GUIntBig first, GUIntBig second)
    {
        // Evaluates to just a single mul on x86_64
        return GDALUInt128(static_cast<__uint128_t>(first) * second);
    }

    GDALUInt128 operator-(const GDALUInt128 &other) const
    {
        return GDALUInt128(val - other.val);
    }

    operator double() const
    {
        return static_cast<double>(val);
    }
};
#else

#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
#include <intrin.h>
#endif

class GDALUInt128
{
    GUIntBig low, high;

    GDALUInt128(GUIntBig lowIn, GUIntBig highIn) : low(lowIn), high(highIn)
    {
    }

  public:
    static GDALUInt128 Mul(GUIntBig first, GUIntBig second)
    {
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_M_X64)
        GUIntBig highRes;
        GUIntBig lowRes = _umul128(first, second, &highRes);
        return GDALUInt128(lowRes, highRes);
#else
        const GUInt32 firstLow = static_cast<GUInt32>(first);
        const GUInt32 firstHigh = static_cast<GUInt32>(first >> 32);
        const GUInt32 secondLow = static_cast<GUInt32>(second);
        const GUInt32 secondHigh = static_cast<GUInt32>(second >> 32);
        GUIntBig highRes = 0;
        const GUIntBig firstLowSecondHigh =
            static_cast<GUIntBig>(firstLow) * secondHigh;
        const GUIntBig firstHighSecondLow =
            static_cast<GUIntBig>(firstHigh) * secondLow;
        const GUIntBig middleTerm = firstLowSecondHigh + firstHighSecondLow;
        if (middleTerm < firstLowSecondHigh)  // check for overflow
            highRes += static_cast<GUIntBig>(1) << 32;
        const GUIntBig firstLowSecondLow =
            static_cast<GUIntBig>(firstLow) * secondLow;
        GUIntBig lowRes = firstLowSecondLow + (middleTerm << 32);
        if (lowRes < firstLowSecondLow)  // check for overflow
            highRes++;
        highRes +=
            (middleTerm >> 32) + static_cast<GUIntBig>(firstHigh) * secondHigh;
        return GDALUInt128(lowRes, highRes);
#endif
    }

    GDALUInt128 operator-(const GDALUInt128 &other) const
    {
        GUIntBig highRes = high - other.high;
        GUIntBig lowRes = low - other.low;
        if (lowRes > low)  // check for underflow
            --highRes;
        return GDALUInt128(lowRes, highRes);
    }

    operator double() const
    {
        const double twoPow64 = 18446744073709551616.0;
        return high * twoPow64 + low;
    }
};
#endif

/************************************************************************/
/*                    ComputeStatisticsInternal()                       */
/************************************************************************/

// Just to make coverity scan happy w.r.t overflow_before_widen, but otherwise
// not needed.
#define static_cast_for_coverity_scan static_cast

// The rationale for below optimizations is detailed in statistics.txt

// Use with T = GByte or GUInt16 only !
template <class T, bool COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>
struct ComputeStatisticsInternalGeneric
{
    static void f(int nXCheck, int nBlockXSize, int nYCheck, const T *pData,
                  bool bHasNoData, GUInt32 nNoDataValue, GUInt32 &nMin,
                  GUInt32 &nMax, GUIntBig &nSum, GUIntBig &nSumSquare,
                  GUIntBig &nSampleCount, GUIntBig &nValidCount)
    {
        static_assert(std::is_same<T, GByte>::value ||
                          std::is_same<T, GUInt16>::value,
                      "bad type for T");
        if (bHasNoData)
        {
            // General case
            for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
            {
                for (int iX = 0; iX < nXCheck; iX++)
                {
                    const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                        iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                    const GUInt32 nValue = pData[iOffset];
                    if (nValue == nNoDataValue)
                        continue;
                    if (nValue < nMin)
                        nMin = nValue;
                    if (nValue > nMax)
                        nMax = nValue;
                    if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                    {
                        nValidCount++;
                        nSum += nValue;
                        nSumSquare +=
                            static_cast_for_coverity_scan<GUIntBig>(nValue) *
                            nValue;
                    }
                }
            }
            if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
            {
                nSampleCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
            }
        }
        else if (nMin == std::numeric_limits<T>::min() &&
                 nMax == std::numeric_limits<T>::max())
        {
            if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
            {
                // Optimization when there is no nodata and we know we have already
                // reached the min and max
                for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
                {
                    int iX;
                    for (iX = 0; iX + 3 < nXCheck; iX += 4)
                    {
                        const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                            iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                        const GUIntBig nValue = pData[iOffset];
                        const GUIntBig nValue2 = pData[iOffset + 1];
                        const GUIntBig nValue3 = pData[iOffset + 2];
                        const GUIntBig nValue4 = pData[iOffset + 3];
                        nSum += nValue;
                        nSumSquare += nValue * nValue;
                        nSum += nValue2;
                        nSumSquare += nValue2 * nValue2;
                        nSum += nValue3;
                        nSumSquare += nValue3 * nValue3;
                        nSum += nValue4;
                        nSumSquare += nValue4 * nValue4;
                    }
                    for (; iX < nXCheck; ++iX)
                    {
                        const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                            iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                        const GUIntBig nValue = pData[iOffset];
                        nSum += nValue;
                        nSumSquare += nValue * nValue;
                    }
                }
                nSampleCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
                nValidCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
            {
                int iX;
                for (iX = 0; iX + 1 < nXCheck; iX += 2)
                {
                    const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                        iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                    const GUInt32 nValue = pData[iOffset];
                    const GUInt32 nValue2 = pData[iOffset + 1];
                    if (nValue < nValue2)
                    {
                        if (nValue < nMin)
                            nMin = nValue;
                        if (nValue2 > nMax)
                            nMax = nValue2;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (nValue2 < nMin)
                            nMin = nValue2;
                        if (nValue > nMax)
                            nMax = nValue;
                    }
                    if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                    {
                        nSum += nValue;
                        nSumSquare +=
                            static_cast_for_coverity_scan<GUIntBig>(nValue) *
                            nValue;
                        nSum += nValue2;
                        nSumSquare +=
                            static_cast_for_coverity_scan<GUIntBig>(nValue2) *
                            nValue2;
                    }
                }
                if (iX < nXCheck)
                {
                    const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                        iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                    const GUInt32 nValue = pData[iOffset];
                    if (nValue < nMin)
                        nMin = nValue;
                    if (nValue > nMax)
                        nMax = nValue;
                    if (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                    {
                        nSum += nValue;
                        nSumSquare +=
                            static_cast_for_coverity_scan<GUIntBig>(nValue) *
                            nValue;
                    }
                }
            }
            if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
            {
                nSampleCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
                nValidCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
            }
        }
    }
};

// Specialization for Byte that is mostly 32 bit friendly as it avoids
// using 64bit accumulators in internal loops. This also slightly helps in
// 64bit mode.
template <bool COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>
struct ComputeStatisticsInternalGeneric<GByte, COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>
{
    static void f(int nXCheck, int nBlockXSize, int nYCheck, const GByte *pData,
                  bool bHasNoData, GUInt32 nNoDataValue, GUInt32 &nMin,
                  GUInt32 &nMax, GUIntBig &nSum, GUIntBig &nSumSquare,
                  GUIntBig &nSampleCount, GUIntBig &nValidCount)
    {
        int nOuterLoops = nXCheck / 65536;
        if (nXCheck % 65536)
            nOuterLoops++;

        if (bHasNoData)
        {
            // General case
            for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
            {
                int iX = 0;
                for (int k = 0; k < nOuterLoops; k++)
                {
                    int iMax = iX + 65536;
                    if (iMax > nXCheck)
                        iMax = nXCheck;
                    GUInt32 nSum32bit = 0;
                    GUInt32 nSumSquare32bit = 0;
                    GUInt32 nValidCount32bit = 0;
                    GUInt32 nSampleCount32bit = 0;
                    for (; iX < iMax; iX++)
                    {
                        const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                            iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                        const GUInt32 nValue = pData[iOffset];

                        nSampleCount32bit++;
                        if (nValue == nNoDataValue)
                            continue;
                        if (nValue < nMin)
                            nMin = nValue;
                        if (nValue > nMax)
                            nMax = nValue;
                        if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                        {
                            nValidCount32bit++;
                            nSum32bit += nValue;
                            nSumSquare32bit += nValue * nValue;
                        }
                    }
                    if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                    {
                        nSampleCount += nSampleCount32bit;
                        nValidCount += nValidCount32bit;
                        nSum += nSum32bit;
                        nSumSquare += nSumSquare32bit;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else if (nMin == 0 && nMax == 255)
        {
            if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
            {
                // Optimization when there is no nodata and we know we have already
                // reached the min and max
                for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
                {
                    int iX = 0;
                    for (int k = 0; k < nOuterLoops; k++)
                    {
                        int iMax = iX + 65536;
                        if (iMax > nXCheck)
                            iMax = nXCheck;
                        GUInt32 nSum32bit = 0;
                        GUInt32 nSumSquare32bit = 0;
                        for (; iX + 3 < iMax; iX += 4)
                        {
                            const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                                iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                            const GUInt32 nValue = pData[iOffset];
                            const GUInt32 nValue2 = pData[iOffset + 1];
                            const GUInt32 nValue3 = pData[iOffset + 2];
                            const GUInt32 nValue4 = pData[iOffset + 3];
                            nSum32bit += nValue;
                            nSumSquare32bit += nValue * nValue;
                            nSum32bit += nValue2;
                            nSumSquare32bit += nValue2 * nValue2;
                            nSum32bit += nValue3;
                            nSumSquare32bit += nValue3 * nValue3;
                            nSum32bit += nValue4;
                            nSumSquare32bit += nValue4 * nValue4;
                        }
                        nSum += nSum32bit;
                        nSumSquare += nSumSquare32bit;
                    }
                    for (; iX < nXCheck; ++iX)
                    {
                        const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                            iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                        const GUIntBig nValue = pData[iOffset];
                        nSum += nValue;
                        nSumSquare += nValue * nValue;
                    }
                }
                nSampleCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
                nValidCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
            {
                int iX = 0;
                for (int k = 0; k < nOuterLoops; k++)
                {
                    int iMax = iX + 65536;
                    if (iMax > nXCheck)
                        iMax = nXCheck;
                    GUInt32 nSum32bit = 0;
                    GUInt32 nSumSquare32bit = 0;
                    for (; iX + 1 < iMax; iX += 2)
                    {
                        const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                            iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                        const GUInt32 nValue = pData[iOffset];
                        const GUInt32 nValue2 = pData[iOffset + 1];
                        if (nValue < nValue2)
                        {
                            if (nValue < nMin)
                                nMin = nValue;
                            if (nValue2 > nMax)
                                nMax = nValue2;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if (nValue2 < nMin)
                                nMin = nValue2;
                            if (nValue > nMax)
                                nMax = nValue;
                        }
                        if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                        {
                            nSum32bit += nValue;
                            nSumSquare32bit += nValue * nValue;
                            nSum32bit += nValue2;
                            nSumSquare32bit += nValue2 * nValue2;
                        }
                    }
                    if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                    {
                        nSum += nSum32bit;
                        nSumSquare += nSumSquare32bit;
                    }
                }
                if (iX < nXCheck)
                {
                    const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                        iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                    const GUInt32 nValue = pData[iOffset];
                    if (nValue < nMin)
                        nMin = nValue;
                    if (nValue > nMax)
                        nMax = nValue;
                    if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                    {
                        nSum += nValue;
                        nSumSquare +=
                            static_cast_for_coverity_scan<GUIntBig>(nValue) *
                            nValue;
                    }
                }
            }
            if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
            {
                nSampleCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
                nValidCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
            }
        }
    }
};

template <class T, bool COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS> struct ComputeStatisticsInternal
{
    static void f(int nXCheck, int nBlockXSize, int nYCheck, const T *pData,
                  bool bHasNoData, GUInt32 nNoDataValue, GUInt32 &nMin,
                  GUInt32 &nMax, GUIntBig &nSum, GUIntBig &nSumSquare,
                  GUIntBig &nSampleCount, GUIntBig &nValidCount)
    {
        ComputeStatisticsInternalGeneric<T, COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>::f(
            nXCheck, nBlockXSize, nYCheck, pData, bHasNoData, nNoDataValue,
            nMin, nMax, nSum, nSumSquare, nSampleCount, nValidCount);
    }
};

#if (defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)) &&                                \
    (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER))

#include "gdal_avx2_emulation.hpp"

#define ZERO256 GDALmm256_setzero_si256()

template <bool COMPUTE_MIN, bool COMPUTE_MAX, bool COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>
static void
ComputeStatisticsByteNoNodata(GPtrDiff_t nBlockPixels,
                              // assumed to be aligned on 256 bits
                              const GByte *pData, GUInt32 &nMin, GUInt32 &nMax,
                              GUIntBig &nSum, GUIntBig &nSumSquare,
                              GUIntBig &nSampleCount, GUIntBig &nValidCount)
{
    // 32-byte alignment may not be enforced by linker, so do it at hand
    GByte
        aby32ByteUnaligned[32 + 32 + 32 + (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS ? 32 + 32 : 0)];
    GByte *paby32ByteAligned =
        aby32ByteUnaligned +
        (32 - (reinterpret_cast<GUIntptr_t>(aby32ByteUnaligned) % 32));
    GByte *pabyMin = paby32ByteAligned;
    GByte *pabyMax = paby32ByteAligned + 32;
    GUInt32 *panSum =
        COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS
            ? reinterpret_cast<GUInt32 *>(paby32ByteAligned + 32 * 2)
            : nullptr;
    GUInt32 *panSumSquare =
        COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS
            ? reinterpret_cast<GUInt32 *>(paby32ByteAligned + 32 * 3)
            : nullptr;

    CPLAssert((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(pData) % 32) == 0);

    GPtrDiff_t i = 0;
    // Make sure that sumSquare can fit on uint32
    // * 8 since we can hold 8 sums per vector register
    const int nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop =
        8 * ((std::numeric_limits<GUInt32>::max() / (255 * 255)) & ~31);
    GPtrDiff_t nOuterLoops = nBlockPixels / nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop;
    if ((nBlockPixels % nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop) != 0)
        nOuterLoops++;

    GDALm256i ymm_min =
        GDALmm256_load_si256(reinterpret_cast<const GDALm256i *>(pData + i));
    GDALm256i ymm_max = ymm_min;
    [[maybe_unused]] const auto ymm_mask_8bits = GDALmm256_set1_epi16(0xFF);

    for (GPtrDiff_t k = 0; k < nOuterLoops; k++)
    {
        const auto iMax =
            std::min(nBlockPixels, i + nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop);

        // holds 4 uint32 sums in [0], [2], [4] and [6]
        [[maybe_unused]] GDALm256i ymm_sum = ZERO256;
        [[maybe_unused]] GDALm256i ymm_sumsquare =
            ZERO256;  // holds 8 uint32 sums
        for (; i + 31 < iMax; i += 32)
        {
            const GDALm256i ymm = GDALmm256_load_si256(
                reinterpret_cast<const GDALm256i *>(pData + i));
            if (COMPUTE_MIN)
            {
                ymm_min = GDALmm256_min_epu8(ymm_min, ymm);
            }
            if (COMPUTE_MAX)
            {
                ymm_max = GDALmm256_max_epu8(ymm_max, ymm);
            }

            if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
            {
                // Extract even-8bit values
                const GDALm256i ymm_even =
                    GDALmm256_and_si256(ymm, ymm_mask_8bits);
                // Compute square of those 16 values as 32 bit result
                // and add adjacent pairs
                const GDALm256i ymm_even_square =
                    GDALmm256_madd_epi16(ymm_even, ymm_even);
                // Add to the sumsquare accumulator
                ymm_sumsquare =
                    GDALmm256_add_epi32(ymm_sumsquare, ymm_even_square);

                // Extract odd-8bit values
                const GDALm256i ymm_odd = GDALmm256_srli_epi16(ymm, 8);
                const GDALm256i ymm_odd_square =
                    GDALmm256_madd_epi16(ymm_odd, ymm_odd);
                ymm_sumsquare =
                    GDALmm256_add_epi32(ymm_sumsquare, ymm_odd_square);

                // Now compute the sums
                ymm_sum = GDALmm256_add_epi32(ymm_sum,
                                              GDALmm256_sad_epu8(ymm, ZERO256));
            }
        }

        if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
        {
            GDALmm256_store_si256(reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(panSum),
                                  ymm_sum);
            GDALmm256_store_si256(reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(panSumSquare),
                                  ymm_sumsquare);

            nSum += panSum[0] + panSum[2] + panSum[4] + panSum[6];
            nSumSquare += static_cast<GUIntBig>(panSumSquare[0]) +
                          panSumSquare[1] + panSumSquare[2] + panSumSquare[3] +
                          panSumSquare[4] + panSumSquare[5] + panSumSquare[6] +
                          panSumSquare[7];
        }
    }

    if constexpr (COMPUTE_MIN)
    {
        GDALmm256_store_si256(reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(pabyMin), ymm_min);
    }
    if constexpr (COMPUTE_MAX)
    {
        GDALmm256_store_si256(reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(pabyMax), ymm_max);
    }
    if constexpr (COMPUTE_MIN || COMPUTE_MAX)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < 32; j++)
        {
            if constexpr (COMPUTE_MIN)
            {
                if (pabyMin[j] < nMin)
                    nMin = pabyMin[j];
            }
            if constexpr (COMPUTE_MAX)
            {
                if (pabyMax[j] > nMax)
                    nMax = pabyMax[j];
            }
        }
    }

    for (; i < nBlockPixels; i++)
    {
        const GUInt32 nValue = pData[i];
        if constexpr (COMPUTE_MIN)
        {
            if (nValue < nMin)
                nMin = nValue;
        }
        if constexpr (COMPUTE_MAX)
        {
            if (nValue > nMax)
                nMax = nValue;
        }
        if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
        {
            nSum += nValue;
            nSumSquare +=
                static_cast_for_coverity_scan<GUIntBig>(nValue) * nValue;
        }
    }

    if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
    {
        nSampleCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nBlockPixels);
        nValidCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nBlockPixels);
    }
}

// SSE2/AVX2 optimization for GByte case
// In pure SSE2, this relies on gdal_avx2_emulation.hpp. There is no
// penaly in using the emulation, because, given the mm256 intrinsics used here,
// there are strictly equivalent to 2 parallel SSE2 streams.
template <bool COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>
struct ComputeStatisticsInternal<GByte, COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>
{
    static void f(int nXCheck, int nBlockXSize, int nYCheck,
                  // assumed to be aligned on 256 bits
                  const GByte *pData, bool bHasNoData, GUInt32 nNoDataValue,
                  GUInt32 &nMin, GUInt32 &nMax, GUIntBig &nSum,
                  GUIntBig &nSumSquare, GUIntBig &nSampleCount,
                  GUIntBig &nValidCount)
    {
        const auto nBlockPixels = static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
        if (bHasNoData && nXCheck == nBlockXSize && nBlockPixels >= 32 &&
            nMin <= nMax)
        {
            // 32-byte alignment may not be enforced by linker, so do it at hand
            GByte aby32ByteUnaligned[32 + 32 + 32 + 32 + 32];
            GByte *paby32ByteAligned =
                aby32ByteUnaligned +
                (32 - (reinterpret_cast<GUIntptr_t>(aby32ByteUnaligned) % 32));
            GByte *pabyMin = paby32ByteAligned;
            GByte *pabyMax = paby32ByteAligned + 32;
            GUInt32 *panSum =
                reinterpret_cast<GUInt32 *>(paby32ByteAligned + 32 * 2);
            GUInt32 *panSumSquare =
                reinterpret_cast<GUInt32 *>(paby32ByteAligned + 32 * 3);

            CPLAssert((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(pData) % 32) == 0);

            GPtrDiff_t i = 0;
            // Make sure that sumSquare can fit on uint32
            // * 8 since we can hold 8 sums per vector register
            const int nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop =
                8 * ((std::numeric_limits<GUInt32>::max() / (255 * 255)) & ~31);
            auto nOuterLoops = nBlockPixels / nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop;
            if ((nBlockPixels % nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop) != 0)
                nOuterLoops++;

            const GDALm256i ymm_nodata =
                GDALmm256_set1_epi8(static_cast<GByte>(nNoDataValue));
            // any non noData value in [min,max] would do.
            const GDALm256i ymm_neutral =
                GDALmm256_set1_epi8(static_cast<GByte>(nMin));
            GDALm256i ymm_min = ymm_neutral;
            GDALm256i ymm_max = ymm_neutral;
            [[maybe_unused]] const auto ymm_mask_8bits =
                GDALmm256_set1_epi16(0xFF);

            const GUInt32 nMinThreshold = (nNoDataValue == 0) ? 1 : 0;
            const GUInt32 nMaxThreshold = (nNoDataValue == 255) ? 254 : 255;
            const bool bComputeMinMax =
                nMin > nMinThreshold || nMax < nMaxThreshold;

            for (GPtrDiff_t k = 0; k < nOuterLoops; k++)
            {
                const auto iMax =
                    std::min(nBlockPixels, i + nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop);

                // holds 4 uint32 sums in [0], [2], [4] and [6]
                [[maybe_unused]] GDALm256i ymm_sum = ZERO256;
                // holds 8 uint32 sums
                [[maybe_unused]] GDALm256i ymm_sumsquare = ZERO256;
                // holds 4 uint32 sums in [0], [2], [4] and [6]
                [[maybe_unused]] GDALm256i ymm_count_nodata_mul_255 = ZERO256;
                const auto iInit = i;
                for (; i + 31 < iMax; i += 32)
                {
                    const GDALm256i ymm = GDALmm256_load_si256(
                        reinterpret_cast<const GDALm256i *>(pData + i));

                    // Check which values are nodata
                    const GDALm256i ymm_eq_nodata =
                        GDALmm256_cmpeq_epi8(ymm, ymm_nodata);
                    if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                    {
                        // Count how many values are nodata (due to cmpeq
                        // putting 255 when condition is met, this will actually
                        // be 255 times the number of nodata value, spread in 4
                        // 64 bits words). We can use add_epi32 as the counter
                        // will not overflow uint32
                        ymm_count_nodata_mul_255 = GDALmm256_add_epi32(
                            ymm_count_nodata_mul_255,
                            GDALmm256_sad_epu8(ymm_eq_nodata, ZERO256));
                    }
                    // Replace all nodata values by zero for the purpose of sum
                    // and sumquare.
                    const GDALm256i ymm_nodata_by_zero =
                        GDALmm256_andnot_si256(ymm_eq_nodata, ymm);
                    if (bComputeMinMax)
                    {
                        // Replace all nodata values by a neutral value for the
                        // purpose of min and max.
                        const GDALm256i ymm_nodata_by_neutral =
                            GDALmm256_or_si256(
                                GDALmm256_and_si256(ymm_eq_nodata, ymm_neutral),
                                ymm_nodata_by_zero);

                        ymm_min =
                            GDALmm256_min_epu8(ymm_min, ymm_nodata_by_neutral);
                        ymm_max =
                            GDALmm256_max_epu8(ymm_max, ymm_nodata_by_neutral);
                    }

                    if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                    {
                        // Extract even-8bit values
                        const GDALm256i ymm_even = GDALmm256_and_si256(
                            ymm_nodata_by_zero, ymm_mask_8bits);
                        // Compute square of those 16 values as 32 bit result
                        // and add adjacent pairs
                        const GDALm256i ymm_even_square =
                            GDALmm256_madd_epi16(ymm_even, ymm_even);
                        // Add to the sumsquare accumulator
                        ymm_sumsquare =
                            GDALmm256_add_epi32(ymm_sumsquare, ymm_even_square);

                        // Extract odd-8bit values
                        const GDALm256i ymm_odd =
                            GDALmm256_srli_epi16(ymm_nodata_by_zero, 8);
                        const GDALm256i ymm_odd_square =
                            GDALmm256_madd_epi16(ymm_odd, ymm_odd);
                        ymm_sumsquare =
                            GDALmm256_add_epi32(ymm_sumsquare, ymm_odd_square);

                        // Now compute the sums
                        ymm_sum = GDALmm256_add_epi32(
                            ymm_sum,
                            GDALmm256_sad_epu8(ymm_nodata_by_zero, ZERO256));
                    }
                }

                if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                {
                    GUInt32 *panCoutNoDataMul255 = panSum;
                    GDALmm256_store_si256(
                        reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(panCoutNoDataMul255),
                        ymm_count_nodata_mul_255);

                    nSampleCount += (i - iInit);

                    nValidCount +=
                        (i - iInit) -
                        (panCoutNoDataMul255[0] + panCoutNoDataMul255[2] +
                         panCoutNoDataMul255[4] + panCoutNoDataMul255[6]) /
                            255;

                    GDALmm256_store_si256(reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(panSum),
                                          ymm_sum);
                    GDALmm256_store_si256(
                        reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(panSumSquare),
                        ymm_sumsquare);
                    nSum += panSum[0] + panSum[2] + panSum[4] + panSum[6];
                    nSumSquare += static_cast<GUIntBig>(panSumSquare[0]) +
                                  panSumSquare[1] + panSumSquare[2] +
                                  panSumSquare[3] + panSumSquare[4] +
                                  panSumSquare[5] + panSumSquare[6] +
                                  panSumSquare[7];
                }
            }

            if (bComputeMinMax)
            {
                GDALmm256_store_si256(reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(pabyMin),
                                      ymm_min);
                GDALmm256_store_si256(reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(pabyMax),
                                      ymm_max);
                for (int j = 0; j < 32; j++)
                {
                    if (pabyMin[j] < nMin)
                        nMin = pabyMin[j];
                    if (pabyMax[j] > nMax)
                        nMax = pabyMax[j];
                }
            }

            if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
            {
                nSampleCount += nBlockPixels - i;
            }
            for (; i < nBlockPixels; i++)
            {
                const GUInt32 nValue = pData[i];
                if (nValue == nNoDataValue)
                    continue;
                if (nValue < nMin)
                    nMin = nValue;
                if (nValue > nMax)
                    nMax = nValue;
                if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                {
                    nValidCount++;
                    nSum += nValue;
                    nSumSquare +=
                        static_cast_for_coverity_scan<GUIntBig>(nValue) *
                        nValue;
                }
            }
        }
        else if (!bHasNoData && nXCheck == nBlockXSize && nBlockPixels >= 32)
        {
            if (nMin > 0)
            {
                if (nMax < 255)
                {
                    ComputeStatisticsByteNoNodata<true, true,
                                                  COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>(
                        nBlockPixels, pData, nMin, nMax, nSum, nSumSquare,
                        nSampleCount, nValidCount);
                }
                else
                {
                    ComputeStatisticsByteNoNodata<true, false,
                                                  COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>(
                        nBlockPixels, pData, nMin, nMax, nSum, nSumSquare,
                        nSampleCount, nValidCount);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (nMax < 255)
                {
                    ComputeStatisticsByteNoNodata<false, true,
                                                  COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>(
                        nBlockPixels, pData, nMin, nMax, nSum, nSumSquare,
                        nSampleCount, nValidCount);
                }
                else
                {
                    ComputeStatisticsByteNoNodata<false, false,
                                                  COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>(
                        nBlockPixels, pData, nMin, nMax, nSum, nSumSquare,
                        nSampleCount, nValidCount);
                }
            }
        }
        else if (!COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS && !bHasNoData && nXCheck >= 32 &&
                 (nBlockXSize % 32) == 0)
        {
            for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
            {
                ComputeStatisticsByteNoNodata<true, true, COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>(
                    nXCheck, pData + static_cast<size_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize,
                    nMin, nMax, nSum, nSumSquare, nSampleCount, nValidCount);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            ComputeStatisticsInternalGeneric<GByte, COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>::f(
                nXCheck, nBlockXSize, nYCheck, pData, bHasNoData, nNoDataValue,
                nMin, nMax, nSum, nSumSquare, nSampleCount, nValidCount);
        }
    }
};

CPL_NOSANITIZE_UNSIGNED_INT_OVERFLOW
static void UnshiftSumSquare(GUIntBig &nSumSquare, GUIntBig nSumThis,
                             GUIntBig i)
{
    nSumSquare += 32768 * (2 * nSumThis - i * 32768);
}

// AVX2/SSE2 optimization for GUInt16 case
template <bool COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>
struct ComputeStatisticsInternal<GUInt16, COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>
{
    static void f(int nXCheck, int nBlockXSize, int nYCheck,
                  // assumed to be aligned on 128 bits
                  const GUInt16 *pData, bool bHasNoData, GUInt32 nNoDataValue,
                  GUInt32 &nMin, GUInt32 &nMax, GUIntBig &nSum,
                  GUIntBig &nSumSquare, GUIntBig &nSampleCount,
                  GUIntBig &nValidCount)
    {
        const auto nBlockPixels = static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
        if (!bHasNoData && nXCheck == nBlockXSize && nBlockPixels >= 16)
        {
            CPLAssert((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(pData) % 16) == 0);

            GPtrDiff_t i = 0;
            // In SSE2, min_epu16 and max_epu16 do not exist, so shift from
            // UInt16 to SInt16 to be able to use min_epi16 and max_epi16.
            // Furthermore the shift is also needed to use madd_epi16
            const GDALm256i ymm_m32768 = GDALmm256_set1_epi16(-32768);
            GDALm256i ymm_min = GDALmm256_load_si256(
                reinterpret_cast<const GDALm256i *>(pData + i));
            ymm_min = GDALmm256_add_epi16(ymm_min, ymm_m32768);
            GDALm256i ymm_max = ymm_min;
            [[maybe_unused]] GDALm256i ymm_sumsquare =
                ZERO256;  // holds 4 uint64 sums

            // Make sure that sum can fit on uint32
            // * 8 since we can hold 8 sums per vector register
            const int nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop =
                8 * ((std::numeric_limits<GUInt32>::max() / 65535) & ~15);
            GPtrDiff_t nOuterLoops = nBlockPixels / nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop;
            if ((nBlockPixels % nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop) != 0)
                nOuterLoops++;

            const bool bComputeMinMax = nMin > 0 || nMax < 65535;
            [[maybe_unused]] const auto ymm_mask_16bits =
                GDALmm256_set1_epi32(0xFFFF);
            [[maybe_unused]] const auto ymm_mask_32bits =
                GDALmm256_set1_epi64x(0xFFFFFFFF);

            GUIntBig nSumThis = 0;
            for (int k = 0; k < nOuterLoops; k++)
            {
                const auto iMax =
                    std::min(nBlockPixels, i + nMaxIterationsPerInnerLoop);

                [[maybe_unused]] GDALm256i ymm_sum =
                    ZERO256;  // holds 8 uint32 sums
                for (; i + 15 < iMax; i += 16)
                {
                    const GDALm256i ymm = GDALmm256_load_si256(
                        reinterpret_cast<const GDALm256i *>(pData + i));
                    const GDALm256i ymm_shifted =
                        GDALmm256_add_epi16(ymm, ymm_m32768);
                    if (bComputeMinMax)
                    {
                        ymm_min = GDALmm256_min_epi16(ymm_min, ymm_shifted);
                        ymm_max = GDALmm256_max_epi16(ymm_max, ymm_shifted);
                    }

                    if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                    {
                        // Note: the int32 range can overflow for (0-32768)^2 +
                        // (0-32768)^2 = 0x80000000, but as we know the result
                        // is positive, this is OK as we interpret is a uint32.
                        const GDALm256i ymm_square =
                            GDALmm256_madd_epi16(ymm_shifted, ymm_shifted);
                        ymm_sumsquare = GDALmm256_add_epi64(
                            ymm_sumsquare,
                            GDALmm256_and_si256(ymm_square, ymm_mask_32bits));
                        ymm_sumsquare = GDALmm256_add_epi64(
                            ymm_sumsquare,
                            GDALmm256_srli_epi64(ymm_square, 32));

                        // Now compute the sums
                        ymm_sum = GDALmm256_add_epi32(
                            ymm_sum, GDALmm256_and_si256(ymm, ymm_mask_16bits));
                        ymm_sum = GDALmm256_add_epi32(
                            ymm_sum, GDALmm256_srli_epi32(ymm, 16));
                    }
                }

                if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
                {
                    GUInt32 anSum[8];
                    GDALmm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(anSum),
                                           ymm_sum);
                    nSumThis += static_cast<GUIntBig>(anSum[0]) + anSum[1] +
                                anSum[2] + anSum[3] + anSum[4] + anSum[5] +
                                anSum[6] + anSum[7];
                }
            }

            if (bComputeMinMax)
            {
                GUInt16 anMin[16];
                GUInt16 anMax[16];

                // Unshift the result
                ymm_min = GDALmm256_sub_epi16(ymm_min, ymm_m32768);
                ymm_max = GDALmm256_sub_epi16(ymm_max, ymm_m32768);
                GDALmm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(anMin),
                                       ymm_min);
                GDALmm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(anMax),
                                       ymm_max);
                for (int j = 0; j < 16; j++)
                {
                    if (anMin[j] < nMin)
                        nMin = anMin[j];
                    if (anMax[j] > nMax)
                        nMax = anMax[j];
                }
            }

            if constexpr (COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS)
            {
                GUIntBig anSumSquare[4];
                GDALmm256_storeu_si256(
                    reinterpret_cast<GDALm256i *>(anSumSquare), ymm_sumsquare);
                nSumSquare += anSumSquare[0] + anSumSquare[1] + anSumSquare[2] +
                              anSumSquare[3];

                // Unshift the sum of squares
                UnshiftSumSquare(nSumSquare, nSumThis,
                                 static_cast<GUIntBig>(i));

                nSum += nSumThis;

                for (; i < nBlockPixels; i++)
                {
                    const GUInt32 nValue = pData[i];
                    if (nValue < nMin)
                        nMin = nValue;
                    if (nValue > nMax)
                        nMax = nValue;
                    nSum += nValue;
                    nSumSquare +=
                        static_cast_for_coverity_scan<GUIntBig>(nValue) *
                        nValue;
                }

                nSampleCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
                nValidCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            ComputeStatisticsInternalGeneric<GUInt16, COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS>::f(
                nXCheck, nBlockXSize, nYCheck, pData, bHasNoData, nNoDataValue,
                nMin, nMax, nSum, nSumSquare, nSampleCount, nValidCount);
        }
    }
};

#endif
// (defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)) && (defined(__GNUC__) ||
// defined(_MSC_VER))

#endif  // CPL_HAS_GINT64

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetPixelValue()                             */
/************************************************************************/

static inline double GetPixelValue(GDALDataType eDataType, bool bSignedByte,
                                   const void *pData, GPtrDiff_t iOffset,
                                   bool bGotNoDataValue, double dfNoDataValue,
                                   bool bGotFloatNoDataValue,
                                   float fNoDataValue, bool &bValid)
{
    bValid = true;
    double dfValue = 0;
    switch (eDataType)
    {
        case GDT_Byte:
        {
            if (bSignedByte)
                dfValue = static_cast<const signed char *>(pData)[iOffset];
            else
                dfValue = static_cast<const GByte *>(pData)[iOffset];
            break;
        }
        case GDT_Int8:
            dfValue = static_cast<const GInt8 *>(pData)[iOffset];
            break;
        case GDT_UInt16:
            dfValue = static_cast<const GUInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset];
            break;
        case GDT_Int16:
            dfValue = static_cast<const GInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset];
            break;
        case GDT_UInt32:
            dfValue = static_cast<const GUInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset];
            break;
        case GDT_Int32:
            dfValue = static_cast<const GInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset];
            break;
        case GDT_UInt64:
            dfValue = static_cast<double>(
                static_cast<const std::uint64_t *>(pData)[iOffset]);
            break;
        case GDT_Int64:
            dfValue = static_cast<double>(
                static_cast<const std::int64_t *>(pData)[iOffset]);
            break;
        case GDT_Float32:
        {
            const float fValue = static_cast<const float *>(pData)[iOffset];
            if (CPLIsNan(fValue) ||
                (bGotFloatNoDataValue && ARE_REAL_EQUAL(fValue, fNoDataValue)))
            {
                bValid = false;
                return 0.0;
            }
            dfValue = fValue;
            return dfValue;
        }
        case GDT_Float64:
            dfValue = static_cast<const double *>(pData)[iOffset];
            if (CPLIsNan(dfValue))
            {
                bValid = false;
                return 0.0;
            }
            break;
        case GDT_CInt16:
            dfValue = static_cast<const GInt16 *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
            break;
        case GDT_CInt32:
            dfValue = static_cast<const GInt32 *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
            break;
        case GDT_CFloat32:
            dfValue = static_cast<const float *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
            if (CPLIsNan(dfValue))
            {
                bValid = false;
                return 0.0;
            }
            break;
        case GDT_CFloat64:
            dfValue = static_cast<const double *>(pData)[iOffset * 2];
            if (CPLIsNan(dfValue))
            {
                bValid = false;
                return 0.0;
            }
            break;
        case GDT_Unknown:
        case GDT_TypeCount:
            CPLAssert(false);
            break;
    }

    if (bGotNoDataValue && ARE_REAL_EQUAL(dfValue, dfNoDataValue))
    {
        bValid = false;
        return 0.0;
    }
    return dfValue;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         SetValidPercent()                            */
/************************************************************************/

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/**
 * \brief Set percentage of valid (not nodata) pixels.
 *
 * Stores the percentage of valid pixels in the metadata item
 * STATISTICS_VALID_PERCENT
 *
 * @param nSampleCount Number of sampled pixels.
 *
 * @param nValidCount Number of valid pixels.
 */

void GDALRasterBand::SetValidPercent(GUIntBig nSampleCount,
                                     GUIntBig nValidCount)
{
    if (nValidCount == 0)
    {
        SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_VALID_PERCENT", "0");
    }
    else if (nValidCount == nSampleCount)
    {
        SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_VALID_PERCENT", "100");
    }
    else /* nValidCount < nSampleCount */
    {
        char szValue[128] = {0};

        /* percentage is only an indicator: limit precision */
        CPLsnprintf(szValue, sizeof(szValue), "%.4g",
                    100. * static_cast<double>(nValidCount) / nSampleCount);

        if (EQUAL(szValue, "100"))
        {
            /* don't set 100 percent valid
             * because some of the sampled pixels were nodata */
            SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_VALID_PERCENT", "99.999");
        }
        else
        {
            SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_VALID_PERCENT", szValue);
        }
    }
}
//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                         ComputeStatistics()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Compute image statistics.
 *
 * Returns the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of all
 * pixel values in this band.  If approximate statistics are sufficient,
 * the bApproxOK flag can be set to true in which case overviews, or a
 * subset of image tiles may be used in computing the statistics.
 *
 * Once computed, the statistics will generally be "set" back on the
 * raster band using SetStatistics().
 *
 * Cached statistics can be cleared with GDALDataset::ClearStatistics().
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALComputeRasterStatistics().
 *
 * @param bApproxOK If TRUE statistics may be computed based on overviews
 * or a subset of all tiles.
 *
 * @param pdfMin Location into which to load image minimum (may be NULL).
 *
 * @param pdfMax Location into which to load image maximum (may be NULL).-
 *
 * @param pdfMean Location into which to load image mean (may be NULL).
 *
 * @param pdfStdDev Location into which to load image standard deviation
 * (may be NULL).
 *
 * @param pfnProgress a function to call to report progress, or NULL.
 *
 * @param pProgressData application data to pass to the progress function.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success, or CE_Failure if an error occurs or processing
 * is terminated by the user.
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::ComputeStatistics(int bApproxOK, double *pdfMin,
                                         double *pdfMax, double *pdfMean,
                                         double *pdfStdDev,
                                         GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                         void *pProgressData)

{
    if (pfnProgress == nullptr)
        pfnProgress = GDALDummyProgress;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If we have overview bands, use them for statistics.             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (bApproxOK && GetOverviewCount() > 0 && !HasArbitraryOverviews())
    {
        GDALRasterBand *poBand =
            GetRasterSampleOverview(GDALSTAT_APPROX_NUMSAMPLES);

        if (poBand != this)
        {
            CPLErr eErr = poBand->ComputeStatistics(FALSE, pdfMin, pdfMax,
                                                    pdfMean, pdfStdDev,
                                                    pfnProgress, pProgressData);
            if (eErr == CE_None)
            {
                if (pdfMin && pdfMax && pdfMean && pdfStdDev)
                {
                    SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_APPROXIMATE", "YES");
                    SetStatistics(*pdfMin, *pdfMax, *pdfMean, *pdfStdDev);
                }

                /* transfer metadata from overview band to this */
                const char *pszPercentValid =
                    poBand->GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_VALID_PERCENT");

                if (pszPercentValid != nullptr)
                {
                    SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_VALID_PERCENT",
                                    pszPercentValid);
                }
            }
            return eErr;
        }
    }

    if (!pfnProgress(0.0, "Compute Statistics", pProgressData))
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt, "User terminated");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Read actual data and compute statistics.                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    // Using Welford algorithm:
    // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms_for_calculating_variance
    // to compute standard deviation in a more numerically robust way than
    // the difference of the sum of square values with the square of the sum.
    // dfMean and dfM2 are updated at each sample.
    // dfM2 is the sum of square of differences to the current mean.
    double dfMin = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    double dfMax = -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    double dfMean = 0.0;
    double dfM2 = 0.0;

    GDALRasterIOExtraArg sExtraArg;
    INIT_RASTERIO_EXTRA_ARG(sExtraArg);

    int bGotNoDataValue = FALSE;
    const double dfNoDataValue = GetNoDataValue(&bGotNoDataValue);
    bGotNoDataValue = bGotNoDataValue && !CPLIsNan(dfNoDataValue);
    bool bGotFloatNoDataValue = false;
    float fNoDataValue = 0.0f;
    ComputeFloatNoDataValue(eDataType, dfNoDataValue, bGotNoDataValue,
                            fNoDataValue, bGotFloatNoDataValue);

    GDALRasterBand *poMaskBand = nullptr;
    if (!bGotNoDataValue)
    {
        const int l_nMaskFlags = GetMaskFlags();
        if (l_nMaskFlags != GMF_ALL_VALID && l_nMaskFlags != GMF_NODATA &&
            GetColorInterpretation() != GCI_AlphaBand)
        {
            poMaskBand = GetMaskBand();
        }
    }

    bool bSignedByte = false;
    if (eDataType == GDT_Byte)
    {
        EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(false);
        const char *pszPixelType =
            GetMetadataItem("PIXELTYPE", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
        EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(true);
        bSignedByte =
            pszPixelType != nullptr && EQUAL(pszPixelType, "SIGNEDBYTE");
    }

    GUIntBig nSampleCount = 0;
    GUIntBig nValidCount = 0;

    if (bApproxOK && HasArbitraryOverviews())
    {
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Figure out how much the image should be reduced to get an */
        /*      approximate value. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        double dfReduction = sqrt(static_cast<double>(nRasterXSize) *
                                  nRasterYSize / GDALSTAT_APPROX_NUMSAMPLES);

        int nXReduced = nRasterXSize;
        int nYReduced = nRasterYSize;
        if (dfReduction > 1.0)
        {
            nXReduced = static_cast<int>(nRasterXSize / dfReduction);
            nYReduced = static_cast<int>(nRasterYSize / dfReduction);

            // Catch the case of huge resizing ratios here
            if (nXReduced == 0)
                nXReduced = 1;
            if (nYReduced == 0)
                nYReduced = 1;
        }

        void *pData = CPLMalloc(cpl::fits_on<int>(
            GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType) * nXReduced * nYReduced));

        const CPLErr eErr =
            IRasterIO(GF_Read, 0, 0, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize, pData,
                      nXReduced, nYReduced, eDataType, 0, 0, &sExtraArg);
        if (eErr != CE_None)
        {
            CPLFree(pData);
            return eErr;
        }

        GByte *pabyMaskData = nullptr;
        if (poMaskBand)
        {
            pabyMaskData =
                static_cast<GByte *>(VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(nXReduced, nYReduced));
            if (!pabyMaskData)
            {
                CPLFree(pData);
                return CE_Failure;
            }

            if (poMaskBand->RasterIO(GF_Read, 0, 0, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize,
                                     pabyMaskData, nXReduced, nYReduced,
                                     GDT_Byte, 0, 0, nullptr) != CE_None)
            {
                CPLFree(pData);
                CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
                return CE_Failure;
            }
        }

        /* this isn't the fastest way to do this, but is easier for now */
        for (int iY = 0; iY < nYReduced; iY++)
        {
            for (int iX = 0; iX < nXReduced; iX++)
            {
                const int iOffset = iX + iY * nXReduced;
                if (pabyMaskData && pabyMaskData[iOffset] == 0)
                    continue;

                bool bValid = true;
                double dfValue =
                    GetPixelValue(eDataType, bSignedByte, pData, iOffset,
                                  CPL_TO_BOOL(bGotNoDataValue), dfNoDataValue,
                                  bGotFloatNoDataValue, fNoDataValue, bValid);
                if (!bValid)
                    continue;

                dfMin = std::min(dfMin, dfValue);
                dfMax = std::max(dfMax, dfValue);

                nValidCount++;
                const double dfDelta = dfValue - dfMean;
                dfMean += dfDelta / nValidCount;
                dfM2 += dfDelta * (dfValue - dfMean);
            }
        }

        nSampleCount = static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXReduced) * nYReduced;

        CPLFree(pData);
        CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
    }

    else  // No arbitrary overviews.
    {
        if (!InitBlockInfo())
            return CE_Failure;

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Figure out the ratio of blocks we will read to get an */
        /*      approximate value. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        int nSampleRate = 1;
        if (bApproxOK)
        {
            nSampleRate = static_cast<int>(std::max(
                1.0,
                sqrt(static_cast<double>(nBlocksPerRow) * nBlocksPerColumn)));
            // We want to avoid probing only the first column of blocks for
            // a square shaped raster, because it is not unlikely that it may
            // be padding only (#6378)
            if (nSampleRate == nBlocksPerRow && nBlocksPerRow > 1)
                nSampleRate += 1;
        }
        if (nSampleRate == 1)
            bApproxOK = false;

#ifdef CPL_HAS_GINT64
        // Particular case for GDT_Byte that only use integral types for all
        // intermediate computations. Only possible if the number of pixels
        // explored is lower than GUINTBIG_MAX / (255*255), so that nSumSquare
        // can fit on a uint64. Should be 99.99999% of cases.
        // For GUInt16, this limits to raster of 4 giga pixels
        if ((!poMaskBand && eDataType == GDT_Byte && !bSignedByte &&
             static_cast<GUIntBig>(nBlocksPerRow) * nBlocksPerColumn /
                     nSampleRate <
                 GUINTBIG_MAX / (255U * 255U) /
                     (static_cast<GUInt64>(nBlockXSize) *
                      static_cast<GUInt64>(nBlockYSize))) ||
            (eDataType == GDT_UInt16 &&
             static_cast<GUIntBig>(nBlocksPerRow) * nBlocksPerColumn /
                     nSampleRate <
                 GUINTBIG_MAX / (65535U * 65535U) /
                     (static_cast<GUInt64>(nBlockXSize) *
                      static_cast<GUInt64>(nBlockYSize))))
        {
            const GUInt32 nMaxValueType = (eDataType == GDT_Byte) ? 255 : 65535;
            GUInt32 nMin = nMaxValueType;
            GUInt32 nMax = 0;
            GUIntBig nSum = 0;
            GUIntBig nSumSquare = 0;
            // If no valid nodata, map to invalid value (256 for Byte)
            const GUInt32 nNoDataValue =
                (bGotNoDataValue && dfNoDataValue >= 0 &&
                 dfNoDataValue <= nMaxValueType &&
                 fabs(dfNoDataValue -
                      static_cast<GUInt32>(dfNoDataValue + 1e-10)) < 1e-10)
                    ? static_cast<GUInt32>(dfNoDataValue + 1e-10)
                    : nMaxValueType + 1;

            for (int iSampleBlock = 0;
                 iSampleBlock < nBlocksPerRow * nBlocksPerColumn;
                 iSampleBlock += nSampleRate)
            {
                const int iYBlock = iSampleBlock / nBlocksPerRow;
                const int iXBlock = iSampleBlock - nBlocksPerRow * iYBlock;

                GDALRasterBlock *const poBlock =
                    GetLockedBlockRef(iXBlock, iYBlock);
                if (poBlock == nullptr)
                    return CE_Failure;

                void *const pData = poBlock->GetDataRef();

                int nXCheck = 0, nYCheck = 0;
                GetActualBlockSize(iXBlock, iYBlock, &nXCheck, &nYCheck);

                if (eDataType == GDT_Byte)
                {
                    ComputeStatisticsInternal<
                        GByte, /* COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS = */ true>::
                        f(nXCheck, nBlockXSize, nYCheck,
                          static_cast<const GByte *>(pData),
                          nNoDataValue <= nMaxValueType, nNoDataValue, nMin,
                          nMax, nSum, nSumSquare, nSampleCount, nValidCount);
                }
                else
                {
                    ComputeStatisticsInternal<
                        GUInt16, /* COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS = */ true>::
                        f(nXCheck, nBlockXSize, nYCheck,
                          static_cast<const GUInt16 *>(pData),
                          nNoDataValue <= nMaxValueType, nNoDataValue, nMin,
                          nMax, nSum, nSumSquare, nSampleCount, nValidCount);
                }

                poBlock->DropLock();

                if (!pfnProgress(iSampleBlock /
                                     static_cast<double>(nBlocksPerRow *
                                                         nBlocksPerColumn),
                                 "Compute Statistics", pProgressData))
                {
                    ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt,
                                "User terminated");
                    return CE_Failure;
                }
            }

            if (!pfnProgress(1.0, "Compute Statistics", pProgressData))
            {
                ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt, "User terminated");
                return CE_Failure;
            }

            /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
             */
            /*      Save computed information. */
            /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
             */
            if (nValidCount)
                dfMean = static_cast<double>(nSum) / nValidCount;

            // To avoid potential precision issues when doing the difference,
            // we need to do that computation on 128 bit rather than casting
            // to double
            const GDALUInt128 nTmpForStdDev(
                GDALUInt128::Mul(nSumSquare, nValidCount) -
                GDALUInt128::Mul(nSum, nSum));
            const double dfStdDev =
                nValidCount > 0
                    ? sqrt(static_cast<double>(nTmpForStdDev)) / nValidCount
                    : 0.0;

            if (nValidCount > 0)
            {
                if (bApproxOK)
                {
                    SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_APPROXIMATE", "YES");
                }
                else if (GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_APPROXIMATE"))
                {
                    SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_APPROXIMATE", nullptr);
                }
                SetStatistics(nMin, nMax, dfMean, dfStdDev);
            }

            SetValidPercent(nSampleCount, nValidCount);

            /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
             */
            /*      Record results. */
            /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
             */
            if (pdfMin != nullptr)
                *pdfMin = nValidCount ? nMin : 0;
            if (pdfMax != nullptr)
                *pdfMax = nValidCount ? nMax : 0;

            if (pdfMean != nullptr)
                *pdfMean = dfMean;

            if (pdfStdDev != nullptr)
                *pdfStdDev = dfStdDev;

            if (nValidCount > 0)
                return CE_None;

            ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "Failed to compute statistics, no valid pixels found "
                        "in sampling.");
            return CE_Failure;
        }
#endif

        GByte *pabyMaskData = nullptr;
        if (poMaskBand)
        {
            pabyMaskData = static_cast<GByte *>(
                VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize));
            if (!pabyMaskData)
            {
                return CE_Failure;
            }
        }

        for (int iSampleBlock = 0;
             iSampleBlock < nBlocksPerRow * nBlocksPerColumn;
             iSampleBlock += nSampleRate)
        {
            const int iYBlock = iSampleBlock / nBlocksPerRow;
            const int iXBlock = iSampleBlock - nBlocksPerRow * iYBlock;

            GDALRasterBlock *const poBlock =
                GetLockedBlockRef(iXBlock, iYBlock);
            if (poBlock == nullptr)
            {
                CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
                return CE_Failure;
            }

            void *const pData = poBlock->GetDataRef();

            int nXCheck = 0, nYCheck = 0;
            GetActualBlockSize(iXBlock, iYBlock, &nXCheck, &nYCheck);

            if (poMaskBand &&
                poMaskBand->RasterIO(GF_Read, iXBlock * nBlockXSize,
                                     iYBlock * nBlockYSize, nXCheck, nYCheck,
                                     pabyMaskData, nXCheck, nYCheck, GDT_Byte,
                                     0, nBlockXSize, nullptr) != CE_None)
            {
                CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
                poBlock->DropLock();
                return CE_Failure;
            }

            // This isn't the fastest way to do this, but is easier for now.
            for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
            {
                for (int iX = 0; iX < nXCheck; iX++)
                {
                    const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                        iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
                    if (pabyMaskData && pabyMaskData[iOffset] == 0)
                        continue;

                    bool bValid = true;
                    double dfValue = GetPixelValue(
                        eDataType, bSignedByte, pData, iOffset,
                        CPL_TO_BOOL(bGotNoDataValue), dfNoDataValue,
                        bGotFloatNoDataValue, fNoDataValue, bValid);

                    if (!bValid)
                        continue;

                    dfMin = std::min(dfMin, dfValue);
                    dfMax = std::max(dfMax, dfValue);

                    nValidCount++;
                    const double dfDelta = dfValue - dfMean;
                    dfMean += dfDelta / nValidCount;
                    dfM2 += dfDelta * (dfValue - dfMean);
                }
            }

            nSampleCount += static_cast<GUIntBig>(nXCheck) * nYCheck;

            poBlock->DropLock();

            if (!pfnProgress(
                    iSampleBlock /
                        static_cast<double>(nBlocksPerRow * nBlocksPerColumn),
                    "Compute Statistics", pProgressData))
            {
                ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt, "User terminated");
                CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
                return CE_Failure;
            }
        }

        CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
    }

    if (!pfnProgress(1.0, "Compute Statistics", pProgressData))
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_UserInterrupt, "User terminated");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Save computed information.                                      */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const double dfStdDev = nValidCount > 0 ? sqrt(dfM2 / nValidCount) : 0.0;

    if (nValidCount > 0)
    {
        if (bApproxOK)
        {
            SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_APPROXIMATE", "YES");
        }
        else if (GetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_APPROXIMATE"))
        {
            SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_APPROXIMATE", nullptr);
        }
        SetStatistics(dfMin, dfMax, dfMean, dfStdDev);
    }
    else
    {
        dfMin = 0.0;
        dfMax = 0.0;
    }

    SetValidPercent(nSampleCount, nValidCount);

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Record results.                                                 */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (pdfMin != nullptr)
        *pdfMin = dfMin;
    if (pdfMax != nullptr)
        *pdfMax = dfMax;

    if (pdfMean != nullptr)
        *pdfMean = dfMean;

    if (pdfStdDev != nullptr)
        *pdfStdDev = dfStdDev;

    if (nValidCount > 0)
        return CE_None;

    ReportError(
        CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
        "Failed to compute statistics, no valid pixels found in sampling.");
    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    GDALComputeRasterStatistics()                     */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Compute image statistics.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::ComputeStatistics()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALComputeRasterStatistics(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                               int bApproxOK, double *pdfMin,
                                               double *pdfMax, double *pdfMean,
                                               double *pdfStdDev,
                                               GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                               void *pProgressData)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALComputeRasterStatistics", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);

    return poBand->ComputeStatistics(bApproxOK, pdfMin, pdfMax, pdfMean,
                                     pdfStdDev, pfnProgress, pProgressData);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetStatistics()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set statistics on band.
 *
 * This method can be used to store min/max/mean/standard deviation
 * statistics on a raster band.
 *
 * The default implementation stores them as metadata, and will only work
 * on formats that can save arbitrary metadata.  This method cannot detect
 * whether metadata will be properly saved and so may return CE_None even
 * if the statistics will never be saved.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetRasterStatistics().
 *
 * @param dfMin minimum pixel value.
 *
 * @param dfMax maximum pixel value.
 *
 * @param dfMean mean (average) of all pixel values.
 *
 * @param dfStdDev Standard deviation of all pixel values.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure on failure.
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetStatistics(double dfMin, double dfMax, double dfMean,
                                     double dfStdDev)

{
    char szValue[128] = {0};

    CPLsnprintf(szValue, sizeof(szValue), "%.14g", dfMin);
    SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MINIMUM", szValue);

    CPLsnprintf(szValue, sizeof(szValue), "%.14g", dfMax);
    SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MAXIMUM", szValue);

    CPLsnprintf(szValue, sizeof(szValue), "%.14g", dfMean);
    SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_MEAN", szValue);

    CPLsnprintf(szValue, sizeof(szValue), "%.14g", dfStdDev);
    SetMetadataItem("STATISTICS_STDDEV", szValue);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALSetRasterStatistics()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set statistics on band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetStatistics()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetRasterStatistics(GDALRasterBandH hBand, double dfMin,
                                           double dfMax, double dfMean,
                                           double dfStdDev)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetRasterStatistics", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetStatistics(dfMin, dfMax, dfMean, dfStdDev);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ComputeRasterMinMax()                         */
/************************************************************************/

template <class T, bool HAS_NODATA>
static void ComputeMinMax(const T *buffer, size_t nElts, T nodataValue, T *pMin,
                          T *pMax)
{
    T min0 = *pMin;
    T max0 = *pMax;
    T min1 = *pMin;
    T max1 = *pMax;
    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i + 1 < nElts; i += 2)
    {
        if (!HAS_NODATA || buffer[i] != nodataValue)
        {
            min0 = std::min(min0, buffer[i]);
            max0 = std::max(max0, buffer[i]);
        }
        if (!HAS_NODATA || buffer[i + 1] != nodataValue)
        {
            min1 = std::min(min1, buffer[i + 1]);
            max1 = std::max(max1, buffer[i + 1]);
        }
    }
    T min = std::min(min0, min1);
    T max = std::max(max0, max1);
    if (i < nElts)
    {
        if (!HAS_NODATA || buffer[i] != nodataValue)
        {
            min = std::min(min, buffer[i]);
            max = std::max(max, buffer[i]);
        }
    }
    *pMin = min;
    *pMax = max;
}

template <GDALDataType eDataType, bool bSignedByte>
static void ComputeMinMaxGeneric(const void *pData, int nXCheck, int nYCheck,
                                 int nBlockXSize, bool bGotNoDataValue,
                                 double dfNoDataValue,
                                 bool bGotFloatNoDataValue, float fNoDataValue,
                                 const GByte *pabyMaskData, double &dfMin,
                                 double &dfMax)
{
    double dfLocalMin = dfMin;
    double dfLocalMax = dfMax;

    for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
    {
        for (int iX = 0; iX < nXCheck; iX++)
        {
            const GPtrDiff_t iOffset =
                iX + static_cast<GPtrDiff_t>(iY) * nBlockXSize;
            if (pabyMaskData && pabyMaskData[iOffset] == 0)
                continue;
            bool bValid = true;
            double dfValue = GetPixelValue(
                eDataType, bSignedByte, pData, iOffset, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, bGotFloatNoDataValue, fNoDataValue, bValid);
            if (!bValid)
                continue;

            dfLocalMin = std::min(dfLocalMin, dfValue);
            dfLocalMax = std::max(dfLocalMax, dfValue);
        }
    }

    dfMin = dfLocalMin;
    dfMax = dfLocalMax;
}

static void ComputeMinMaxGeneric(const void *pData, GDALDataType eDataType,
                                 bool bSignedByte, int nXCheck, int nYCheck,
                                 int nBlockXSize, bool bGotNoDataValue,
                                 double dfNoDataValue,
                                 bool bGotFloatNoDataValue, float fNoDataValue,
                                 const GByte *pabyMaskData, double &dfMin,
                                 double &dfMax)
{
    switch (eDataType)
    {
        case GDT_Unknown:
            CPLAssert(false);
            break;
        case GDT_Byte:
            if (bSignedByte)
            {
                ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_Byte, true>(
                    pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                    dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            }
            else
            {
                ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_Byte, false>(
                    pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                    dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            }
            break;
        case GDT_Int8:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_Int8, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_UInt16:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_UInt16, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_Int16:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_Int16, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_UInt32:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_UInt32, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_Int32:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_Int32, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_UInt64:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_UInt64, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_Int64:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_Int64, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_Float32:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_Float32, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, false, 0,
                bGotFloatNoDataValue, fNoDataValue, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_Float64:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_Float64, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_CInt16:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_CInt16, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_CInt32:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_CInt32, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_CFloat32:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_CFloat32, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_CFloat64:
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric<GDT_CFloat64, false>(
                pData, nXCheck, nYCheck, nBlockXSize, bGotNoDataValue,
                dfNoDataValue, false, 0, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
            break;
        case GDT_TypeCount:
            CPLAssert(false);
            break;
    }
}

static bool ComputeMinMaxGenericIterBlocks(
    GDALRasterBand *poBand, GDALDataType eDataType, bool bSignedByte,
    int nTotalBlocks, int nSampleRate, int nBlocksPerRow, bool bGotNoDataValue,
    double dfNoDataValue, bool bGotFloatNoDataValue, float fNoDataValue,
    GDALRasterBand *poMaskBand, double &dfMin, double &dfMax)

{
    GByte *pabyMaskData = nullptr;
    int nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize;
    poBand->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);

    if (poMaskBand)
    {
        pabyMaskData =
            static_cast<GByte *>(VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize));
        if (!pabyMaskData)
        {
            return false;
        }
    }

    for (int iSampleBlock = 0; iSampleBlock < nTotalBlocks;
         iSampleBlock += nSampleRate)
    {
        const int iYBlock = iSampleBlock / nBlocksPerRow;
        const int iXBlock = iSampleBlock - nBlocksPerRow * iYBlock;

        GDALRasterBlock *poBlock = poBand->GetLockedBlockRef(iXBlock, iYBlock);
        if (poBlock == nullptr)
        {
            CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
            return false;
        }

        void *const pData = poBlock->GetDataRef();

        int nXCheck = 0, nYCheck = 0;
        poBand->GetActualBlockSize(iXBlock, iYBlock, &nXCheck, &nYCheck);

        if (poMaskBand &&
            poMaskBand->RasterIO(GF_Read, iXBlock * nBlockXSize,
                                 iYBlock * nBlockYSize, nXCheck, nYCheck,
                                 pabyMaskData, nXCheck, nYCheck, GDT_Byte, 0,
                                 nBlockXSize, nullptr) != CE_None)
        {
            poBlock->DropLock();
            CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
            return false;
        }

        ComputeMinMaxGeneric(pData, eDataType, bSignedByte, nXCheck, nYCheck,
                             nBlockXSize, CPL_TO_BOOL(bGotNoDataValue),
                             dfNoDataValue, bGotFloatNoDataValue, fNoDataValue,
                             pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);

        poBlock->DropLock();
    }

    CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
    return true;
}

/**
 * \brief Compute the min/max values for a band.
 *
 * If approximate is OK, then the band's GetMinimum()/GetMaximum() will
 * be trusted.  If it doesn't work, a subsample of blocks will be read to
 * get an approximate min/max.  If the band has a nodata value it will
 * be excluded from the minimum and maximum.
 *
 * If bApprox is FALSE, then all pixels will be read and used to compute
 * an exact range.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALComputeRasterMinMax().
 *
 * @param bApproxOK TRUE if an approximate (faster) answer is OK, otherwise
 * FALSE.
 * @param adfMinMax the array in which the minimum (adfMinMax[0]) and the
 * maximum (adfMinMax[1]) are returned.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure on failure.
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::ComputeRasterMinMax(int bApproxOK, double *adfMinMax)
{
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Does the driver already know the min/max?                       */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (bApproxOK)
    {
        int bSuccessMin = FALSE;
        int bSuccessMax = FALSE;

        double dfMin = GetMinimum(&bSuccessMin);
        double dfMax = GetMaximum(&bSuccessMax);

        if (bSuccessMin && bSuccessMax)
        {
            adfMinMax[0] = dfMin;
            adfMinMax[1] = dfMax;
            return CE_None;
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If we have overview bands, use them for min/max.                */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
    if (bApproxOK && GetOverviewCount() > 0 && !HasArbitraryOverviews())
    {
        GDALRasterBand *poBand =
            GetRasterSampleOverview(GDALSTAT_APPROX_NUMSAMPLES);

        if (poBand != this)
            return poBand->ComputeRasterMinMax(FALSE, adfMinMax);
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Read actual data and compute minimum and maximum.               */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    int bGotNoDataValue = FALSE;
    const double dfNoDataValue = GetNoDataValue(&bGotNoDataValue);
    bGotNoDataValue = bGotNoDataValue && !CPLIsNan(dfNoDataValue);
    bool bGotFloatNoDataValue = false;
    float fNoDataValue = 0.0f;
    ComputeFloatNoDataValue(eDataType, dfNoDataValue, bGotNoDataValue,
                            fNoDataValue, bGotFloatNoDataValue);

    GDALRasterBand *poMaskBand = nullptr;
    if (!bGotNoDataValue)
    {
        const int l_nMaskFlags = GetMaskFlags();
        if (l_nMaskFlags != GMF_ALL_VALID && l_nMaskFlags != GMF_NODATA &&
            GetColorInterpretation() != GCI_AlphaBand)
        {
            poMaskBand = GetMaskBand();
        }
    }

    bool bSignedByte = false;
    if (eDataType == GDT_Byte)
    {
        EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(false);
        const char *pszPixelType =
            GetMetadataItem("PIXELTYPE", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
        EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(true);
        bSignedByte =
            pszPixelType != nullptr && EQUAL(pszPixelType, "SIGNEDBYTE");
    }

    GDALRasterIOExtraArg sExtraArg;
    INIT_RASTERIO_EXTRA_ARG(sExtraArg);

    GUInt32 nMin = (eDataType == GDT_Byte)
                       ? 255
                       : 65535;  // used for GByte & GUInt16 cases
    GUInt32 nMax = 0;            // used for GByte & GUInt16 cases
    GInt16 nMinInt16 =
        std::numeric_limits<GInt16>::max();  // used for GInt16 case
    GInt16 nMaxInt16 =
        std::numeric_limits<GInt16>::lowest();  // used for GInt16 case
    double dfMin =
        std::numeric_limits<double>::max();  // used for generic code path
    double dfMax =
        -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();  // used for generic code path
    const bool bUseOptimizedPath =
        !poMaskBand && ((eDataType == GDT_Byte && !bSignedByte) ||
                        eDataType == GDT_Int16 || eDataType == GDT_UInt16);

    const auto ComputeMinMaxForBlock =
        [this, bSignedByte, bGotNoDataValue, dfNoDataValue, &nMin, &nMax,
         &nMinInt16, &nMaxInt16](const void *pData, int nXCheck,
                                 int nBufferWidth, int nYCheck)
    {
        if (eDataType == GDT_Byte && !bSignedByte)
        {
            const bool bHasNoData =
                bGotNoDataValue && GDALIsValueInRange<GByte>(dfNoDataValue) &&
                static_cast<GByte>(dfNoDataValue) == dfNoDataValue;
            const GUInt32 nNoDataValue =
                bHasNoData ? static_cast<GByte>(dfNoDataValue) : 0;
            GUIntBig nSum, nSumSquare, nSampleCount, nValidCount;  // unused
            ComputeStatisticsInternal<GByte,
                                      /* COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS = */ false>::
                f(nXCheck, nBufferWidth, nYCheck,
                  static_cast<const GByte *>(pData), bHasNoData, nNoDataValue,
                  nMin, nMax, nSum, nSumSquare, nSampleCount, nValidCount);
        }
        else if (eDataType == GDT_UInt16)
        {
            const bool bHasNoData =
                bGotNoDataValue && GDALIsValueInRange<GUInt16>(dfNoDataValue) &&
                static_cast<GUInt16>(dfNoDataValue) == dfNoDataValue;
            const GUInt32 nNoDataValue =
                bHasNoData ? static_cast<GUInt16>(dfNoDataValue) : 0;
            GUIntBig nSum, nSumSquare, nSampleCount, nValidCount;  // unused
            ComputeStatisticsInternal<GUInt16,
                                      /* COMPUTE_OTHER_STATS = */ false>::
                f(nXCheck, nBufferWidth, nYCheck,
                  static_cast<const GUInt16 *>(pData), bHasNoData, nNoDataValue,
                  nMin, nMax, nSum, nSumSquare, nSampleCount, nValidCount);
        }
        else if (eDataType == GDT_Int16)
        {
            const bool bHasNoData =
                bGotNoDataValue && GDALIsValueInRange<int16_t>(dfNoDataValue) &&
                static_cast<int16_t>(dfNoDataValue) == dfNoDataValue;
            if (bHasNoData)
            {
                const int16_t nNoDataValue =
                    static_cast<int16_t>(dfNoDataValue);
                for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
                {
                    ComputeMinMax<int16_t, true>(
                        static_cast<const int16_t *>(pData) +
                            static_cast<size_t>(iY) * nBufferWidth,
                        nXCheck, nNoDataValue, &nMinInt16, &nMaxInt16);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                for (int iY = 0; iY < nYCheck; iY++)
                {
                    ComputeMinMax<int16_t, false>(
                        static_cast<const int16_t *>(pData) +
                            static_cast<size_t>(iY) * nBufferWidth,
                        nXCheck, 0, &nMinInt16, &nMaxInt16);
                }
            }
        }
    };

    if (bApproxOK && HasArbitraryOverviews())
    {
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Figure out how much the image should be reduced to get an */
        /*      approximate value. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        double dfReduction = sqrt(static_cast<double>(nRasterXSize) *
                                  nRasterYSize / GDALSTAT_APPROX_NUMSAMPLES);

        int nXReduced = nRasterXSize;
        int nYReduced = nRasterYSize;
        if (dfReduction > 1.0)
        {
            nXReduced = static_cast<int>(nRasterXSize / dfReduction);
            nYReduced = static_cast<int>(nRasterYSize / dfReduction);

            // Catch the case of huge resizing ratios here
            if (nXReduced == 0)
                nXReduced = 1;
            if (nYReduced == 0)
                nYReduced = 1;
        }

        void *const pData = CPLMalloc(cpl::fits_on<int>(
            GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType) * nXReduced * nYReduced));

        const CPLErr eErr =
            IRasterIO(GF_Read, 0, 0, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize, pData,
                      nXReduced, nYReduced, eDataType, 0, 0, &sExtraArg);
        if (eErr != CE_None)
        {
            CPLFree(pData);
            return eErr;
        }

        GByte *pabyMaskData = nullptr;
        if (poMaskBand)
        {
            pabyMaskData =
                static_cast<GByte *>(VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(nXReduced, nYReduced));
            if (!pabyMaskData)
            {
                CPLFree(pData);
                return CE_Failure;
            }

            if (poMaskBand->RasterIO(GF_Read, 0, 0, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize,
                                     pabyMaskData, nXReduced, nYReduced,
                                     GDT_Byte, 0, 0, nullptr) != CE_None)
            {
                CPLFree(pData);
                CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
                return CE_Failure;
            }
        }

        if (bUseOptimizedPath)
        {
            ComputeMinMaxForBlock(pData, nXReduced, nXReduced, nYReduced);
        }
        else
        {
            ComputeMinMaxGeneric(
                pData, eDataType, bSignedByte, nXReduced, nYReduced, nXReduced,
                CPL_TO_BOOL(bGotNoDataValue), dfNoDataValue,
                bGotFloatNoDataValue, fNoDataValue, pabyMaskData, dfMin, dfMax);
        }

        CPLFree(pData);
        CPLFree(pabyMaskData);
    }

    else  // No arbitrary overviews
    {
        if (!InitBlockInfo())
            return CE_Failure;

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Figure out the ratio of blocks we will read to get an */
        /*      approximate value. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        int nSampleRate = 1;

        if (bApproxOK)
        {
            nSampleRate = static_cast<int>(std::max(
                1.0,
                sqrt(static_cast<double>(nBlocksPerRow) * nBlocksPerColumn)));
            // We want to avoid probing only the first column of blocks for
            // a square shaped raster, because it is not unlikely that it may
            // be padding only (#6378).
            if (nSampleRate == nBlocksPerRow && nBlocksPerRow > 1)
                nSampleRate += 1;
        }

        if (bUseOptimizedPath)
        {
            for (int iSampleBlock = 0;
                 iSampleBlock < nBlocksPerRow * nBlocksPerColumn;
                 iSampleBlock += nSampleRate)
            {
                const int iYBlock = iSampleBlock / nBlocksPerRow;
                const int iXBlock = iSampleBlock - nBlocksPerRow * iYBlock;

                GDALRasterBlock *poBlock = GetLockedBlockRef(iXBlock, iYBlock);
                if (poBlock == nullptr)
                    return CE_Failure;

                void *const pData = poBlock->GetDataRef();

                int nXCheck = 0, nYCheck = 0;
                GetActualBlockSize(iXBlock, iYBlock, &nXCheck, &nYCheck);

                ComputeMinMaxForBlock(pData, nXCheck, nBlockXSize, nYCheck);

                poBlock->DropLock();

                if (eDataType == GDT_Byte && !bSignedByte && nMin == 0 &&
                    nMax == 255)
                    break;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            const int nTotalBlocks = nBlocksPerRow * nBlocksPerColumn;
            if (!ComputeMinMaxGenericIterBlocks(
                    this, eDataType, bSignedByte, nTotalBlocks, nSampleRate,
                    nBlocksPerRow, CPL_TO_BOOL(bGotNoDataValue), dfNoDataValue,
                    bGotFloatNoDataValue, fNoDataValue, poMaskBand, dfMin,
                    dfMax))
            {
                return CE_Failure;
            }
        }
    }

    if (bUseOptimizedPath)
    {
        if ((eDataType == GDT_Byte && !bSignedByte) || eDataType == GDT_UInt16)
        {
            dfMin = nMin;
            dfMax = nMax;
        }
        else if (eDataType == GDT_Int16)
        {
            dfMin = nMinInt16;
            dfMax = nMaxInt16;
        }
    }

    if (dfMin > dfMax)
    {
        adfMinMax[0] = 0;
        adfMinMax[1] = 0;
        ReportError(
            CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
            "Failed to compute min/max, no valid pixels found in sampling.");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    adfMinMax[0] = dfMin;
    adfMinMax[1] = dfMax;

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALComputeRasterMinMax()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Compute the min/max values for a band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::ComputeRasterMinMax()
 *
 * @note Prior to GDAL 3.6, this function returned void
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALComputeRasterMinMax(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int bApproxOK,
                                           double adfMinMax[2])

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALComputeRasterMinMax", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->ComputeRasterMinMax(bApproxOK, adfMinMax);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        SetDefaultHistogram()                         */
/************************************************************************/

/* FIXME : add proper documentation */
/**
 * \brief Set default histogram.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetDefaultHistogram() and
 * GDALSetDefaultHistogramEx()
 */
CPLErr GDALRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram(double /* dfMin */,
                                           double /* dfMax */,
                                           int /* nBuckets */,
                                           GUIntBig * /* panHistogram */)

{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetDefaultHistogram() not implemented for this format.");

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALSetDefaultHistogram()                       */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set default histogram.
 *
 * Use GDALSetRasterHistogramEx() instead to be able to set counts exceeding
 * 2 billion.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram()
 * @see GDALSetRasterHistogramEx()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetDefaultHistogram(GDALRasterBandH hBand, double dfMin,
                                           double dfMax, int nBuckets,
                                           int *panHistogram)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetDefaultHistogram", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);

    GUIntBig *panHistogramTemp =
        static_cast<GUIntBig *>(VSIMalloc2(sizeof(GUIntBig), nBuckets));
    if (panHistogramTemp == nullptr)
    {
        poBand->ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory,
                            "Out of memory in GDALSetDefaultHistogram().");
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < nBuckets; ++i)
    {
        panHistogramTemp[i] = static_cast<GUIntBig>(panHistogram[i]);
    }

    const CPLErr eErr =
        poBand->SetDefaultHistogram(dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets, panHistogramTemp);

    CPLFree(panHistogramTemp);

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     GDALSetDefaultHistogramEx()                      */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set default histogram.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram()
 *
 * @since GDAL 2.0
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetDefaultHistogramEx(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                             double dfMin, double dfMax,
                                             int nBuckets,
                                             GUIntBig *panHistogram)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetDefaultHistogramEx", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->SetDefaultHistogram(dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets, panHistogram);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetDefaultRAT()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch default Raster Attribute Table.
 *
 * A RAT will be returned if there is a default one associated with the
 * band, otherwise NULL is returned.  The returned RAT is owned by the
 * band and should not be deleted by the application.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetDefaultRAT().
 *
 * @return NULL, or a pointer to an internal RAT owned by the band.
 */

GDALRasterAttributeTable *GDALRasterBand::GetDefaultRAT()

{
    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALGetDefaultRAT()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Fetch default Raster Attribute Table.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetDefaultRAT()
 */

GDALRasterAttributeTableH CPL_STDCALL GDALGetDefaultRAT(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetDefaultRAT", nullptr);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return GDALRasterAttributeTable::ToHandle(poBand->GetDefaultRAT());
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetDefaultRAT()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::SetDefaultRAT(const GDALRasterAttributeTable*)
 * \brief Set default Raster Attribute Table.
 *
 * Associates a default RAT with the band.  If not implemented for the
 * format a CPLE_NotSupported error will be issued.  If successful a copy
 * of the RAT is made, the original remains owned by the caller.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALSetDefaultRAT().
 *
 * @param poRAT the RAT to assign to the band.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure if unsupported or otherwise
 * failing.
 */

/**/
/**/

CPLErr
GDALRasterBand::SetDefaultRAT(const GDALRasterAttributeTable * /* poRAT */)
{
    if (!(GetMOFlags() & GMO_IGNORE_UNIMPLEMENTED))
    {
        CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                    "SetDefaultRAT() not implemented for this format.");
        CPLPopErrorHandler();
    }
    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALSetDefaultRAT()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Set default Raster Attribute Table.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GDALSetDefaultRAT()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSetDefaultRAT(GDALRasterBandH hBand,
                                     GDALRasterAttributeTableH hRAT)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALSetDefaultRAT", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);

    return poBand->SetDefaultRAT(GDALRasterAttributeTable::FromHandle(hRAT));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetMaskBand()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Return the mask band associated with the band.
 *
 * The GDALRasterBand class includes a default implementation of GetMaskBand()
 * that returns one of four default implementations : <ul> <li>If a
 * corresponding .msk file exists it will be used for the mask band.</li> <li>If
 * the dataset has a NODATA_VALUES metadata item, an instance of the new
 * GDALNoDataValuesMaskBand class will be returned. GetMaskFlags() will return
 * GMF_NODATA | GMF_PER_DATASET. @since GDAL 1.6.0</li> <li>If the band has a
 * nodata value set, an instance of the new GDALNodataMaskRasterBand class will
 * be returned. GetMaskFlags() will return GMF_NODATA.</li> <li>If there is no
 * nodata value, but the dataset has an alpha band that seems to apply to this
 * band (specific rules yet to be determined) and that is of type GDT_Byte then
 * that alpha band will be returned, and the flags GMF_PER_DATASET and GMF_ALPHA
 * will be returned in the flags.</li> <li>If neither of the above apply, an
 * instance of the new GDALAllValidRasterBand class will be returned that has
 * 255 values for all pixels. The null flags will return GMF_ALL_VALID.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * Note that the GetMaskBand() should always return a GDALRasterBand mask, even
 * if it is only an all 255 mask with the flags indicating GMF_ALL_VALID.
 *
 * For an external .msk file to be recognized by GDAL, it must be a valid GDAL
 * dataset, with the same name as the main dataset and suffixed with .msk,
 * with either one band (in the GMF_PER_DATASET case), or as many bands as the
 * main dataset.
 * It must have INTERNAL_MASK_FLAGS_xx metadata items set at the dataset
 * level, where xx matches the band number of a band of the main dataset. The
 * value of those items is a combination of the flags GMF_ALL_VALID,
 * GMF_PER_DATASET, GMF_ALPHA and GMF_NODATA. If a metadata item is missing for
 * a band, then the other rules explained above will be used to generate a
 * on-the-fly mask band.
 * \see CreateMaskBand() for the characteristics of .msk files created by GDAL.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetMaskBand().
 *
 * @return a valid mask band.
 *
 * @since GDAL 1.5.0
 *
 * @see https://gdal.org/development/rfc/rfc15_nodatabitmask.html
 *
 */
GDALRasterBand *GDALRasterBand::GetMaskBand()

{
    const auto HasNoData = [this]()
    {
        int bHaveNoDataRaw = FALSE;
        bool bHaveNoData = false;
        if (eDataType == GDT_Int64)
        {
            CPL_IGNORE_RET_VAL(GetNoDataValueAsInt64(&bHaveNoDataRaw));
            bHaveNoData = CPL_TO_BOOL(bHaveNoDataRaw);
        }
        else if (eDataType == GDT_UInt64)
        {
            CPL_IGNORE_RET_VAL(GetNoDataValueAsUInt64(&bHaveNoDataRaw));
            bHaveNoData = CPL_TO_BOOL(bHaveNoDataRaw);
        }
        else
        {
            const double dfNoDataValue = GetNoDataValue(&bHaveNoDataRaw);
            if (bHaveNoDataRaw &&
                GDALNoDataMaskBand::IsNoDataInRange(dfNoDataValue, eDataType))
            {
                bHaveNoData = true;
            }
        }
        return bHaveNoData;
    };

    if (poMask != nullptr)
    {
        if (poMask.IsOwned())
        {
            if (dynamic_cast<GDALAllValidMaskBand *>(poMask.get()) != nullptr)
            {
                if (HasNoData())
                {
                    InvalidateMaskBand();
                }
            }
            else if (auto poNoDataMaskBand =
                         dynamic_cast<GDALNoDataMaskBand *>(poMask.get()))
            {
                int bHaveNoDataRaw = FALSE;
                bool bIsSame = false;
                if (eDataType == GDT_Int64)
                    bIsSame = poNoDataMaskBand->m_nNoDataValueInt64 ==
                                  GetNoDataValueAsInt64(&bHaveNoDataRaw) &&
                              bHaveNoDataRaw;
                else if (eDataType == GDT_UInt64)
                    bIsSame = poNoDataMaskBand->m_nNoDataValueUInt64 ==
                                  GetNoDataValueAsUInt64(&bHaveNoDataRaw) &&
                              bHaveNoDataRaw;
                else
                {
                    const double dfNoDataValue =
                        GetNoDataValue(&bHaveNoDataRaw);
                    if (bHaveNoDataRaw)
                    {
                        bIsSame =
                            std::isnan(dfNoDataValue)
                                ? std::isnan(poNoDataMaskBand->m_dfNoDataValue)
                                : poNoDataMaskBand->m_dfNoDataValue ==
                                      dfNoDataValue;
                    }
                }
                if (!bIsSame)
                    InvalidateMaskBand();
            }
        }

        if (poMask)
            return poMask.get();
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Check for a mask in a .msk file.                                */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (poDS != nullptr && poDS->oOvManager.HaveMaskFile())
    {
        poMask.reset(poDS->oOvManager.GetMaskBand(nBand), false);
        if (poMask != nullptr)
        {
            nMaskFlags = poDS->oOvManager.GetMaskFlags(nBand);
            return poMask.get();
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Check for NODATA_VALUES metadata.                               */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (poDS != nullptr)
    {
        const char *pszNoDataValues = poDS->GetMetadataItem("NODATA_VALUES");
        if (pszNoDataValues != nullptr)
        {
            char **papszNoDataValues =
                CSLTokenizeStringComplex(pszNoDataValues, " ", FALSE, FALSE);

            // Make sure we have as many values as bands.
            if (CSLCount(papszNoDataValues) == poDS->GetRasterCount() &&
                poDS->GetRasterCount() != 0)
            {
                // Make sure that all bands have the same data type
                // This is clearly not a fundamental condition, just a
                // condition to make implementation easier.
                GDALDataType eDT = GDT_Unknown;
                int i = 0;  // Used after for.
                for (; i < poDS->GetRasterCount(); ++i)
                {
                    if (i == 0)
                        eDT = poDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType();
                    else if (eDT !=
                             poDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1)->GetRasterDataType())
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (i == poDS->GetRasterCount())
                {
                    nMaskFlags = GMF_NODATA | GMF_PER_DATASET;
                    try
                    {
                        poMask.reset(new GDALNoDataValuesMaskBand(poDS), true);
                    }
                    catch (const std::bad_alloc &)
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory, "Out of memory");
                        poMask.reset();
                    }
                    CSLDestroy(papszNoDataValues);
                    return poMask.get();
                }
                else
                {
                    ReportError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                "All bands should have the same type in "
                                "order the NODATA_VALUES metadata item "
                                "to be used as a mask.");
                }
            }
            else
            {
                ReportError(
                    CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "NODATA_VALUES metadata item doesn't have the same number "
                    "of values as the number of bands.  "
                    "Ignoring it for mask.");
            }

            CSLDestroy(papszNoDataValues);
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Check for nodata case.                                          */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (HasNoData())
    {
        nMaskFlags = GMF_NODATA;
        try
        {
            poMask.reset(new GDALNoDataMaskBand(this), true);
        }
        catch (const std::bad_alloc &)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory, "Out of memory");
            poMask.reset();
        }
        return poMask.get();
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Check for alpha case.                                           */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (poDS != nullptr && poDS->GetRasterCount() == 2 &&
        this == poDS->GetRasterBand(1) &&
        poDS->GetRasterBand(2)->GetColorInterpretation() == GCI_AlphaBand)
    {
        if (poDS->GetRasterBand(2)->GetRasterDataType() == GDT_Byte)
        {
            nMaskFlags = GMF_ALPHA | GMF_PER_DATASET;
            poMask.reset(poDS->GetRasterBand(2), false);
            return poMask.get();
        }
        else if (poDS->GetRasterBand(2)->GetRasterDataType() == GDT_UInt16)
        {
            nMaskFlags = GMF_ALPHA | GMF_PER_DATASET;
            try
            {
                poMask.reset(new GDALRescaledAlphaBand(poDS->GetRasterBand(2)),
                             true);
            }
            catch (const std::bad_alloc &)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory, "Out of memory");
                poMask.reset();
            }
            return poMask.get();
        }
    }

    if (poDS != nullptr && poDS->GetRasterCount() == 4 &&
        (this == poDS->GetRasterBand(1) || this == poDS->GetRasterBand(2) ||
         this == poDS->GetRasterBand(3)) &&
        poDS->GetRasterBand(4)->GetColorInterpretation() == GCI_AlphaBand)
    {
        if (poDS->GetRasterBand(4)->GetRasterDataType() == GDT_Byte)
        {
            nMaskFlags = GMF_ALPHA | GMF_PER_DATASET;
            poMask.reset(poDS->GetRasterBand(4), false);
            return poMask.get();
        }
        else if (poDS->GetRasterBand(4)->GetRasterDataType() == GDT_UInt16)
        {
            nMaskFlags = GMF_ALPHA | GMF_PER_DATASET;
            try
            {
                poMask.reset(new GDALRescaledAlphaBand(poDS->GetRasterBand(4)),
                             true);
            }
            catch (const std::bad_alloc &)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory, "Out of memory");
                poMask.reset();
            }
            return poMask.get();
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Fallback to all valid case.                                     */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    nMaskFlags = GMF_ALL_VALID;
    try
    {
        poMask.reset(new GDALAllValidMaskBand(this), true);
    }
    catch (const std::bad_alloc &)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory, "Out of memory");
        poMask.reset();
    }

    return poMask.get();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GDALGetMaskBand()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Return the mask band associated with the band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetMaskBand()
 */

GDALRasterBandH CPL_STDCALL GDALGetMaskBand(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetMaskBand", nullptr);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetMaskBand();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetMaskFlags()                            */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Return the status flags of the mask band associated with the band.
 *
 * The GetMaskFlags() method returns an bitwise OR-ed set of status flags with
 * the following available definitions that may be extended in the future:
 * <ul>
 * <li>GMF_ALL_VALID(0x01): There are no invalid pixels, all mask values will be
 * 255. When used this will normally be the only flag set.</li>
 * <li>GMF_PER_DATASET(0x02): The mask band is shared between all bands on the
 * dataset.</li> <li>GMF_ALPHA(0x04): The mask band is actually an alpha band
 * and may have values other than 0 and 255.</li> <li>GMF_NODATA(0x08):
 * Indicates the mask is actually being generated from nodata values. (mutually
 * exclusive of GMF_ALPHA)</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * The GDALRasterBand class includes a default implementation of GetMaskBand()
 * that returns one of four default implementations : <ul> <li>If a
 * corresponding .msk file exists it will be used for the mask band.</li> <li>If
 * the dataset has a NODATA_VALUES metadata item, an instance of the new
 * GDALNoDataValuesMaskBand class will be returned. GetMaskFlags() will return
 * GMF_NODATA | GMF_PER_DATASET. @since GDAL 1.6.0</li> <li>If the band has a
 * nodata value set, an instance of the new GDALNodataMaskRasterBand class will
 * be returned. GetMaskFlags() will return GMF_NODATA.</li> <li>If there is no
 * nodata value, but the dataset has an alpha band that seems to apply to this
 * band (specific rules yet to be determined) and that is of type GDT_Byte then
 * that alpha band will be returned, and the flags GMF_PER_DATASET and GMF_ALPHA
 * will be returned in the flags.</li> <li>If neither of the above apply, an
 * instance of the new GDALAllValidRasterBand class will be returned that has
 * 255 values for all pixels. The null flags will return GMF_ALL_VALID.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * For an external .msk file to be recognized by GDAL, it must be a valid GDAL
 * dataset, with the same name as the main dataset and suffixed with .msk,
 * with either one band (in the GMF_PER_DATASET case), or as many bands as the
 * main dataset.
 * It must have INTERNAL_MASK_FLAGS_xx metadata items set at the dataset
 * level, where xx matches the band number of a band of the main dataset. The
 * value of those items is a combination of the flags GMF_ALL_VALID,
 * GMF_PER_DATASET, GMF_ALPHA and GMF_NODATA. If a metadata item is missing for
 * a band, then the other rules explained above will be used to generate a
 * on-the-fly mask band.
 * \see CreateMaskBand() for the characteristics of .msk files created by GDAL.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALGetMaskFlags().
 *
 * @since GDAL 1.5.0
 *
 * @return a valid mask band.
 *
 * @see https://gdal.org/development/rfc/rfc15_nodatabitmask.html
 *
 */
int GDALRasterBand::GetMaskFlags()

{
    // If we don't have a band yet, force this now so that the masks value
    // will be initialized.

    if (poMask == nullptr)
        GetMaskBand();

    return nMaskFlags;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GDALGetMaskFlags()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Return the status flags of the mask band associated with the band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetMaskFlags()
 */

int CPL_STDCALL GDALGetMaskFlags(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetMaskFlags", GMF_ALL_VALID);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->GetMaskFlags();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         InvalidateMaskBand()                         */
/************************************************************************/

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
void GDALRasterBand::InvalidateMaskBand()
{
    poMask.reset();
    nMaskFlags = 0;
}
//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                           CreateMaskBand()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Adds a mask band to the current band
 *
 * The default implementation of the CreateMaskBand() method is implemented
 * based on similar rules to the .ovr handling implemented using the
 * GDALDefaultOverviews object. A TIFF file with the extension .msk will
 * be created with the same basename as the original file, and it will have
 * as many bands as the original image (or just one for GMF_PER_DATASET).
 * The mask images will be deflate compressed tiled images with the same
 * block size as the original image if possible.
 * It will have INTERNAL_MASK_FLAGS_xx metadata items set at the dataset
 * level, where xx matches the band number of a band of the main dataset. The
 * value of those items will be the one of the nFlagsIn parameter.
 *
 * Note that if you got a mask band with a previous call to GetMaskBand(),
 * it might be invalidated by CreateMaskBand(). So you have to call
 * GetMaskBand() again.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALCreateMaskBand().
 *
 * @since GDAL 1.5.0
 *
 * @param nFlagsIn 0 or combination of GMF_PER_DATASET / GMF_ALPHA.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success or CE_Failure on an error.
 *
 * @see https://gdal.org/development/rfc/rfc15_nodatabitmask.html
 * @see GDALDataset::CreateMaskBand()
 *
 */

CPLErr GDALRasterBand::CreateMaskBand(int nFlagsIn)

{
    if (poDS != nullptr && poDS->oOvManager.IsInitialized())
    {
        const CPLErr eErr = poDS->oOvManager.CreateMaskBand(nFlagsIn, nBand);
        if (eErr != CE_None)
            return eErr;

        InvalidateMaskBand();

        return CE_None;
    }

    ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                "CreateMaskBand() not supported for this band.");

    return CE_Failure;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALCreateMaskBand()                         */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Adds a mask band to the current band
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::CreateMaskBand()
 */

CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALCreateMaskBand(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int nFlags)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALCreateMaskBand", CE_Failure);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->CreateMaskBand(nFlags);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            IsMaskBand()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Returns whether a band is a mask band.
 *
 * Mask band must be understood in the broad term: it can be a per-dataset
 * mask band, an alpha band, or an implicit mask band.
 * Typically the return of GetMaskBand()->IsMaskBand() should be true.
 *
 * This method is the same as the C function GDALIsMaskBand().
 *
 * @return true if the band is a mask band.
 *
 * @see GDALDataset::CreateMaskBand()
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5.0
 *
 */

bool GDALRasterBand::IsMaskBand() const
{
    // The GeoTIFF driver, among others, override this method to
    // also handle external .msk bands.
    return const_cast<GDALRasterBand *>(this)->GetColorInterpretation() ==
           GCI_AlphaBand;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GDALIsMaskBand()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Returns whether a band is a mask band.
 *
 * Mask band must be understood in the broad term: it can be a per-dataset
 * mask band, an alpha band, or an implicit mask band.
 * Typically the return of GetMaskBand()->IsMaskBand() should be true.
 *
 * This function is the same as the C++ method GDALRasterBand::IsMaskBand()
 *
 * @return true if the band is a mask band.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::IsMaskBand()
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5.0
 *
 */

bool GDALIsMaskBand(GDALRasterBandH hBand)

{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALIsMaskBand", false);

    const GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);
    return poBand->IsMaskBand();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetMaskValueRange()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Returns the range of values that a mask band can take.
 *
 * @return the range of values that a mask band can take.
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.5.0
 *
 */

GDALMaskValueRange GDALRasterBand::GetMaskValueRange() const
{
    return GMVR_UNKNOWN;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    GetIndexColorTranslationTo()                      */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Compute translation table for color tables.
 *
 * When the raster band has a palette index, it may be useful to compute
 * the "translation" of this palette to the palette of another band.
 * The translation tries to do exact matching first, and then approximate
 * matching if no exact matching is possible.
 * This method returns a table such that table[i] = j where i is an index
 * of the 'this' rasterband and j the corresponding index for the reference
 * rasterband.
 *
 * This method is thought as internal to GDAL and is used for drivers
 * like RPFTOC.
 *
 * The implementation only supports 1-byte palette rasterbands.
 *
 * @param poReferenceBand the raster band
 * @param pTranslationTable an already allocated translation table (at least 256
 * bytes), or NULL to let the method allocate it
 * @param pApproximateMatching a pointer to a flag that is set if the matching
 *                              is approximate. May be NULL.
 *
 * @return a translation table if the two bands are palette index and that they
 * do not match or NULL in other cases. The table must be freed with CPLFree if
 * NULL was passed for pTranslationTable.
 */

unsigned char *
GDALRasterBand::GetIndexColorTranslationTo(GDALRasterBand *poReferenceBand,
                                           unsigned char *pTranslationTable,
                                           int *pApproximateMatching)
{
    if (poReferenceBand == nullptr)
        return nullptr;

    // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
    if (poReferenceBand->GetColorInterpretation() == GCI_PaletteIndex &&
        // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
        GetColorInterpretation() == GCI_PaletteIndex &&
        poReferenceBand->GetRasterDataType() == GDT_Byte &&
        GetRasterDataType() == GDT_Byte)
    {
        const GDALColorTable *srcColorTable = GetColorTable();
        GDALColorTable *destColorTable = poReferenceBand->GetColorTable();
        if (srcColorTable != nullptr && destColorTable != nullptr)
        {
            const int nEntries = srcColorTable->GetColorEntryCount();
            const int nRefEntries = destColorTable->GetColorEntryCount();

            int bHasNoDataValueSrc = FALSE;
            double dfNoDataValueSrc = GetNoDataValue(&bHasNoDataValueSrc);
            if (!(bHasNoDataValueSrc && dfNoDataValueSrc >= 0 &&
                  dfNoDataValueSrc <= 255 &&
                  dfNoDataValueSrc == static_cast<int>(dfNoDataValueSrc)))
                bHasNoDataValueSrc = FALSE;
            const int noDataValueSrc =
                bHasNoDataValueSrc ? static_cast<int>(dfNoDataValueSrc) : 0;

            int bHasNoDataValueRef = FALSE;
            const double dfNoDataValueRef =
                poReferenceBand->GetNoDataValue(&bHasNoDataValueRef);
            if (!(bHasNoDataValueRef && dfNoDataValueRef >= 0 &&
                  dfNoDataValueRef <= 255 &&
                  dfNoDataValueRef == static_cast<int>(dfNoDataValueRef)))
                bHasNoDataValueRef = FALSE;
            const int noDataValueRef =
                bHasNoDataValueRef ? static_cast<int>(dfNoDataValueRef) : 0;

            bool samePalette = false;

            if (pApproximateMatching)
                *pApproximateMatching = FALSE;

            if (nEntries == nRefEntries &&
                bHasNoDataValueSrc == bHasNoDataValueRef &&
                (bHasNoDataValueSrc == FALSE ||
                 noDataValueSrc == noDataValueRef))
            {
                samePalette = true;
                for (int i = 0; i < nEntries; ++i)
                {
                    if (noDataValueSrc == i)
                        continue;
                    const GDALColorEntry *entry =
                        srcColorTable->GetColorEntry(i);
                    const GDALColorEntry *entryRef =
                        destColorTable->GetColorEntry(i);
                    if (entry->c1 != entryRef->c1 ||
                        entry->c2 != entryRef->c2 || entry->c3 != entryRef->c3)
                    {
                        samePalette = false;
                    }
                }
            }

            if (!samePalette)
            {
                if (pTranslationTable == nullptr)
                {
                    pTranslationTable = static_cast<unsigned char *>(
                        VSI_CALLOC_VERBOSE(1, std::max(256, nEntries)));
                    if (pTranslationTable == nullptr)
                        return nullptr;
                }

                // Trying to remap the product palette on the subdataset
                // palette.
                for (int i = 0; i < nEntries; ++i)
                {
                    if (bHasNoDataValueSrc && bHasNoDataValueRef &&
                        noDataValueSrc == i)
                        continue;
                    const GDALColorEntry *entry =
                        srcColorTable->GetColorEntry(i);
                    bool bMatchFound = false;
                    for (int j = 0; j < nRefEntries; ++j)
                    {
                        if (bHasNoDataValueRef && noDataValueRef == j)
                            continue;
                        const GDALColorEntry *entryRef =
                            destColorTable->GetColorEntry(j);
                        if (entry->c1 == entryRef->c1 &&
                            entry->c2 == entryRef->c2 &&
                            entry->c3 == entryRef->c3)
                        {
                            pTranslationTable[i] =
                                static_cast<unsigned char>(j);
                            bMatchFound = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    if (!bMatchFound)
                    {
                        // No exact match. Looking for closest color now.
                        int best_j = 0;
                        int best_distance = 0;
                        if (pApproximateMatching)
                            *pApproximateMatching = TRUE;
                        for (int j = 0; j < nRefEntries; ++j)
                        {
                            const GDALColorEntry *entryRef =
                                destColorTable->GetColorEntry(j);
                            int distance = (entry->c1 - entryRef->c1) *
                                               (entry->c1 - entryRef->c1) +
                                           (entry->c2 - entryRef->c2) *
                                               (entry->c2 - entryRef->c2) +
                                           (entry->c3 - entryRef->c3) *
                                               (entry->c3 - entryRef->c3);
                            if (j == 0 || distance < best_distance)
                            {
                                best_j = j;
                                best_distance = distance;
                            }
                        }
                        pTranslationTable[i] =
                            static_cast<unsigned char>(best_j);
                    }
                }
                if (bHasNoDataValueRef && bHasNoDataValueSrc)
                    pTranslationTable[noDataValueSrc] =
                        static_cast<unsigned char>(noDataValueRef);

                return pTranslationTable;
            }
        }
    }
    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         SetFlushBlockErr()                           */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Store that an error occurred while writing a dirty block.
 *
 * This function stores the fact that an error occurred while writing a dirty
 * block from GDALRasterBlock::FlushCacheBlock(). Indeed when dirty blocks are
 * flushed when the block cache get full, it is not convenient/possible to
 * report that a dirty block could not be written correctly. This function
 * remembers the error and re-issue it from GDALRasterBand::FlushCache(),
 * GDALRasterBand::WriteBlock() and GDALRasterBand::RasterIO(), which are
 * places where the user can easily match the error with the relevant dataset.
 */

void GDALRasterBand::SetFlushBlockErr(CPLErr eErr)
{
    eFlushBlockErr = eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         IncDirtyBlocks()                             */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Increment/decrement the number of dirty blocks
 */

void GDALRasterBand::IncDirtyBlocks(int nInc)
{
    if (poBandBlockCache)
        poBandBlockCache->IncDirtyBlocks(nInc);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ReportError()                             */
/************************************************************************/

#ifndef DOXYGEN_XML
/**
 * \brief Emits an error related to a raster band.
 *
 * This function is a wrapper for regular CPLError(). The only difference
 * with CPLError() is that it prepends the error message with the dataset
 * name and the band number.
 *
 * @param eErrClass one of CE_Warning, CE_Failure or CE_Fatal.
 * @param err_no the error number (CPLE_*) from cpl_error.h.
 * @param fmt a printf() style format string.  Any additional arguments
 * will be treated as arguments to fill in this format in a manner
 * similar to printf().
 *
 * @since GDAL 1.9.0
 */

void GDALRasterBand::ReportError(CPLErr eErrClass, CPLErrorNum err_no,
                                 const char *fmt, ...)
{
    va_list args;

    va_start(args, fmt);

    const char *pszDSName = poDS ? poDS->GetDescription() : "";
    pszDSName = CPLGetFilename(pszDSName);
    if (pszDSName[0] != '\0')
    {
        CPLError(eErrClass, err_no, "%s",
                 CPLString()
                     .Printf("%s, band %d: ", pszDSName, GetBand())
                     .append(CPLString().vPrintf(fmt, args))
                     .c_str());
    }
    else
    {
        CPLErrorV(eErrClass, err_no, fmt, args);
    }

    va_end(args);
}
#endif

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetVirtualMemAuto()                        */
/************************************************************************/

/** \brief Create a CPLVirtualMem object from a GDAL raster band object.
 *
 * Only supported on Linux and Unix systems with mmap() for now.
 *
 * This method allows creating a virtual memory object for a GDALRasterBand,
 * that exposes the whole image data as a virtual array.
 *
 * The default implementation relies on GDALRasterBandGetVirtualMem(), but
 * specialized implementation, such as for raw files, may also directly use
 * mechanisms of the operating system to create a view of the underlying file
 * into virtual memory ( CPLVirtualMemFileMapNew() )
 *
 * At the time of writing, the GeoTIFF driver and "raw" drivers (EHdr, ...)
 * offer a specialized implementation with direct file mapping, provided that
 * some requirements are met :
 *   - for all drivers, the dataset must be backed by a "real" file in the file
 *     system, and the byte ordering of multi-byte datatypes (Int16, etc.)
 *     must match the native ordering of the CPU.
 *   - in addition, for the GeoTIFF driver, the GeoTIFF file must be
 * uncompressed, scanline oriented (i.e. not tiled). Strips must be organized in
 * the file in sequential order, and be equally spaced (which is generally the
 * case). Only power-of-two bit depths are supported (8 for GDT_Bye, 16 for
 * GDT_Int16/GDT_UInt16, 32 for GDT_Float32 and 64 for GDT_Float64)
 *
 * The pointer returned remains valid until CPLVirtualMemFree() is called.
 * CPLVirtualMemFree() must be called before the raster band object is
 * destroyed.
 *
 * If p is such a pointer and base_type the type matching
 * GDALGetRasterDataType(), the element of image coordinates (x, y) can be
 * accessed with
 * *(base_type*) ((GByte*)p + x * *pnPixelSpace + y * *pnLineSpace)
 *
 * This method is the same as the C GDALGetVirtualMemAuto() function.
 *
 * @param eRWFlag Either GF_Read to read the band, or GF_Write to
 * read/write the band.
 *
 * @param pnPixelSpace Output parameter giving the byte offset from the start of
 * one pixel value in the buffer to the start of the next pixel value within a
 * scanline.
 *
 * @param pnLineSpace Output parameter giving the byte offset from the start of
 * one scanline in the buffer to the start of the next.
 *
 * @param papszOptions NULL terminated list of options.
 *                     If a specialized implementation exists, defining
 * USE_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION=YES will cause the default implementation to be
 * used. On the contrary, starting with GDAL 2.2, defining
 * USE_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION=NO will prevent the default implementation from
 * being used (thus only allowing efficient implementations to be used). When
 * requiring or falling back to the default implementation, the following
 *                     options are available : CACHE_SIZE (in bytes, defaults to
 * 40 MB), PAGE_SIZE_HINT (in bytes), SINGLE_THREAD ("FALSE" / "TRUE", defaults
 * to FALSE)
 *
 * @return a virtual memory object that must be unreferenced by
 * CPLVirtualMemFree(), or NULL in case of failure.
 *
 * @since GDAL 1.11
 */

CPLVirtualMem *GDALRasterBand::GetVirtualMemAuto(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag,
                                                 int *pnPixelSpace,
                                                 GIntBig *pnLineSpace,
                                                 char **papszOptions)
{
    const char *pszImpl = CSLFetchNameValueDef(
        papszOptions, "USE_DEFAULT_IMPLEMENTATION", "AUTO");
    if (EQUAL(pszImpl, "NO") || EQUAL(pszImpl, "OFF") || EQUAL(pszImpl, "0") ||
        EQUAL(pszImpl, "FALSE"))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    const int nPixelSpace = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
    const GIntBig nLineSpace = static_cast<GIntBig>(nRasterXSize) * nPixelSpace;
    if (pnPixelSpace)
        *pnPixelSpace = nPixelSpace;
    if (pnLineSpace)
        *pnLineSpace = nLineSpace;
    const size_t nCacheSize =
        atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "CACHE_SIZE", "40000000"));
    const size_t nPageSizeHint =
        atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "PAGE_SIZE_HINT", "0"));
    const bool bSingleThreadUsage = CPLTestBool(
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "SINGLE_THREAD", "FALSE"));
    return GDALRasterBandGetVirtualMem(
        GDALRasterBand::ToHandle(this), eRWFlag, 0, 0, nRasterXSize,
        nRasterYSize, nRasterXSize, nRasterYSize, eDataType, nPixelSpace,
        nLineSpace, nCacheSize, nPageSizeHint, bSingleThreadUsage,
        papszOptions);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALGetVirtualMemAuto()                      */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Create a CPLVirtualMem object from a GDAL raster band object.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetVirtualMemAuto()
 */

CPLVirtualMem *GDALGetVirtualMemAuto(GDALRasterBandH hBand, GDALRWFlag eRWFlag,
                                     int *pnPixelSpace, GIntBig *pnLineSpace,
                                     CSLConstList papszOptions)
{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetVirtualMemAuto", nullptr);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);

    return poBand->GetVirtualMemAuto(eRWFlag, pnPixelSpace, pnLineSpace,
                                     const_cast<char **>(papszOptions));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALGetDataCoverageStatus()                   */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \brief Get the coverage status of a sub-window of the raster.
 *
 * Returns whether a sub-window of the raster contains only data, only empty
 * blocks or a mix of both. This function can be used to determine quickly
 * if it is worth issuing RasterIO / ReadBlock requests in datasets that may
 * be sparse.
 *
 * Empty blocks are blocks that are generally not physically present in the
 * file, and when read through GDAL, contain only pixels whose value is the
 * nodata value when it is set, or whose value is 0 when the nodata value is
 * not set.
 *
 * The query is done in an efficient way without reading the actual pixel
 * values. If not possible, or not implemented at all by the driver,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED | GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA will
 * be returned.
 *
 * The values that can be returned by the function are the following,
 * potentially combined with the binary or operator :
 * <ul>
 * <li>GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED : the driver does not implement
 * GetDataCoverageStatus(). This flag should be returned together with
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA.</li>
 * <li>GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA: There is (potentially) data in the
 * queried window.</li> <li>GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY: There is nodata in
 * the queried window. This is typically identified by the concept of missing
 * block in formats that supports it.
 * </li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * Note that GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA might have false positives and
 * should be interpreted more as hint of potential presence of data. For example
 * if a GeoTIFF file is created with blocks filled with zeroes (or set to the
 * nodata value), instead of using the missing block mechanism,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA will be returned. On the contrary,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY should have no false positives.
 *
 * The nMaskFlagStop should be generally set to 0. It can be set to a
 * binary-or'ed mask of the above mentioned values to enable a quick exiting of
 * the function as soon as the computed mask matches the nMaskFlagStop. For
 * example, you can issue a request on the whole raster with nMaskFlagStop =
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY. As soon as one missing block is encountered,
 * the function will exit, so that you can potentially refine the requested area
 * to find which particular region(s) have missing blocks.
 *
 * @see GDALRasterBand::GetDataCoverageStatus()
 *
 * @param hBand raster band
 *
 * @param nXOff The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be queried. This would be zero to start from the left side.
 *
 * @param nYOff The line offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be queried. This would be zero to start from the top.
 *
 * @param nXSize The width of the region of the band to be queried in pixels.
 *
 * @param nYSize The height of the region of the band to be queried in lines.
 *
 * @param nMaskFlagStop 0, or a binary-or'ed mask of possible values
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA and GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY. As soon
 * as the computation of the coverage matches the mask, the computation will be
 * stopped. *pdfDataPct will not be valid in that case.
 *
 * @param pdfDataPct Optional output parameter whose pointed value will be set
 * to the (approximate) percentage in [0,100] of pixels in the queried
 * sub-window that have valid values. The implementation might not always be
 * able to compute it, in which case it will be set to a negative value.
 *
 * @return a binary-or'ed combination of possible values
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA and GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY
 *
 * @note Added in GDAL 2.2
 */

int CPL_STDCALL GDALGetDataCoverageStatus(GDALRasterBandH hBand, int nXOff,
                                          int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                                          int nMaskFlagStop, double *pdfDataPct)
{
    VALIDATE_POINTER1(hBand, "GDALGetDataCoverageStatus",
                      GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED);

    GDALRasterBand *poBand = GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand);

    return poBand->GetDataCoverageStatus(nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                         nMaskFlagStop, pdfDataPct);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetDataCoverageStatus()                     */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::IGetDataCoverageStatus( int nXOff,
 *                                           int nYOff,
 *                                           int nXSize,
 *                                           int nYSize,
 *                                           int nMaskFlagStop,
 *                                           double* pdfDataPct)
 * \brief Get the coverage status of a sub-window of the raster.
 *
 * Returns whether a sub-window of the raster contains only data, only empty
 * blocks or a mix of both. This function can be used to determine quickly
 * if it is worth issuing RasterIO / ReadBlock requests in datasets that may
 * be sparse.
 *
 * Empty blocks are blocks that contain only pixels whose value is the nodata
 * value when it is set, or whose value is 0 when the nodata value is not set.
 *
 * The query is done in an efficient way without reading the actual pixel
 * values. If not possible, or not implemented at all by the driver,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED | GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA will
 * be returned.
 *
 * The values that can be returned by the function are the following,
 * potentially combined with the binary or operator :
 * <ul>
 * <li>GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED : the driver does not implement
 * GetDataCoverageStatus(). This flag should be returned together with
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA.</li>
 * <li>GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA: There is (potentially) data in the
 * queried window.</li> <li>GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY: There is nodata in
 * the queried window. This is typically identified by the concept of missing
 * block in formats that supports it.
 * </li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * Note that GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA might have false positives and
 * should be interpreted more as hint of potential presence of data. For example
 * if a GeoTIFF file is created with blocks filled with zeroes (or set to the
 * nodata value), instead of using the missing block mechanism,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA will be returned. On the contrary,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY should have no false positives.
 *
 * The nMaskFlagStop should be generally set to 0. It can be set to a
 * binary-or'ed mask of the above mentioned values to enable a quick exiting of
 * the function as soon as the computed mask matches the nMaskFlagStop. For
 * example, you can issue a request on the whole raster with nMaskFlagStop =
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY. As soon as one missing block is encountered,
 * the function will exit, so that you can potentially refine the requested area
 * to find which particular region(s) have missing blocks.
 *
 * @see GDALGetDataCoverageStatus()
 *
 * @param nXOff The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be queried. This would be zero to start from the left side.
 *
 * @param nYOff The line offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be queried. This would be zero to start from the top.
 *
 * @param nXSize The width of the region of the band to be queried in pixels.
 *
 * @param nYSize The height of the region of the band to be queried in lines.
 *
 * @param nMaskFlagStop 0, or a binary-or'ed mask of possible values
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA and GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY. As soon
 * as the computation of the coverage matches the mask, the computation will be
 * stopped. *pdfDataPct will not be valid in that case.
 *
 * @param pdfDataPct Optional output parameter whose pointed value will be set
 * to the (approximate) percentage in [0,100] of pixels in the queried
 * sub-window that have valid values. The implementation might not always be
 * able to compute it, in which case it will be set to a negative value.
 *
 * @return a binary-or'ed combination of possible values
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA and GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY
 *
 * @note Added in GDAL 2.2
 */

/**
 * \brief Get the coverage status of a sub-window of the raster.
 *
 * Returns whether a sub-window of the raster contains only data, only empty
 * blocks or a mix of both. This function can be used to determine quickly
 * if it is worth issuing RasterIO / ReadBlock requests in datasets that may
 * be sparse.
 *
 * Empty blocks are blocks that contain only pixels whose value is the nodata
 * value when it is set, or whose value is 0 when the nodata value is not set.
 *
 * The query is done in an efficient way without reading the actual pixel
 * values. If not possible, or not implemented at all by the driver,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED | GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA will
 * be returned.
 *
 * The values that can be returned by the function are the following,
 * potentially combined with the binary or operator :
 * <ul>
 * <li>GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED : the driver does not implement
 * GetDataCoverageStatus(). This flag should be returned together with
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA.</li>
 * <li>GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA: There is (potentially) data in the
 * queried window.</li> <li>GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY: There is nodata in
 * the queried window. This is typically identified by the concept of missing
 * block in formats that supports it.
 * </li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * Note that GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA might have false positives and
 * should be interpreted more as hint of potential presence of data. For example
 * if a GeoTIFF file is created with blocks filled with zeroes (or set to the
 * nodata value), instead of using the missing block mechanism,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA will be returned. On the contrary,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY should have no false positives.
 *
 * The nMaskFlagStop should be generally set to 0. It can be set to a
 * binary-or'ed mask of the above mentioned values to enable a quick exiting of
 * the function as soon as the computed mask matches the nMaskFlagStop. For
 * example, you can issue a request on the whole raster with nMaskFlagStop =
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY. As soon as one missing block is encountered,
 * the function will exit, so that you can potentially refine the requested area
 * to find which particular region(s) have missing blocks.
 *
 * @see GDALGetDataCoverageStatus()
 *
 * @param nXOff The pixel offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be queried. This would be zero to start from the left side.
 *
 * @param nYOff The line offset to the top left corner of the region
 * of the band to be queried. This would be zero to start from the top.
 *
 * @param nXSize The width of the region of the band to be queried in pixels.
 *
 * @param nYSize The height of the region of the band to be queried in lines.
 *
 * @param nMaskFlagStop 0, or a binary-or'ed mask of possible values
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA and GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY. As soon
 * as the computation of the coverage matches the mask, the computation will be
 * stopped. *pdfDataPct will not be valid in that case.
 *
 * @param pdfDataPct Optional output parameter whose pointed value will be set
 * to the (approximate) percentage in [0,100] of pixels in the queried
 * sub-window that have valid values. The implementation might not always be
 * able to compute it, in which case it will be set to a negative value.
 *
 * @return a binary-or'ed combination of possible values
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED,
 * GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA and GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY
 *
 * @note Added in GDAL 2.2
 */

int GDALRasterBand::GetDataCoverageStatus(int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize,
                                          int nYSize, int nMaskFlagStop,
                                          double *pdfDataPct)
{
    if (nXOff < 0 || nYOff < 0 || nXSize > INT_MAX - nXOff ||
        nYSize > INT_MAX - nYOff || nXOff + nXSize > nRasterXSize ||
        nYOff + nYSize > nRasterYSize)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Bad window");
        if (pdfDataPct)
            *pdfDataPct = 0.0;
        return GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED |
               GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_EMPTY;
    }
    return IGetDataCoverageStatus(nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, nMaskFlagStop,
                                  pdfDataPct);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         IGetDataCoverageStatus()                     */
/************************************************************************/

int GDALRasterBand::IGetDataCoverageStatus(int /*nXOff*/, int /*nYOff*/,
                                           int /*nXSize*/, int /*nYSize*/,
                                           int /*nMaskFlagStop*/,
                                           double *pdfDataPct)
{
    if (pdfDataPct != nullptr)
        *pdfDataPct = 100.0;
    return GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_UNIMPLEMENTED |
           GDAL_DATA_COVERAGE_STATUS_DATA;
}

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/************************************************************************/
/*                          EnterReadWrite()                            */
/************************************************************************/

int GDALRasterBand::EnterReadWrite(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag)
{
    if (poDS != nullptr)
        return poDS->EnterReadWrite(eRWFlag);
    return FALSE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         LeaveReadWrite()                             */
/************************************************************************/

void GDALRasterBand::LeaveReadWrite()
{
    if (poDS != nullptr)
        poDS->LeaveReadWrite();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           InitRWLock()                               */
/************************************************************************/

void GDALRasterBand::InitRWLock()
{
    if (poDS != nullptr)
        poDS->InitRWLock();
}

//! @endcond

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::SetMetadata( char ** papszMetadata, const char *
 * pszDomain) \brief Set metadata.
 *
 * CAUTION: depending on the format, older values of the updated information
 * might still be found in the file in a "ghost" state, even if no longer
 * accessible through the GDAL API. This is for example the case of the GTiff
 * format (this is not a exhaustive list)
 *
 * The C function GDALSetMetadata() does the same thing as this method.
 *
 * @param papszMetadata the metadata in name=value string list format to
 * apply.
 * @param pszDomain the domain of interest.  Use "" or NULL for the default
 * domain.
 * @return CE_None on success, CE_Failure on failure and CE_Warning if the
 * metadata has been accepted, but is likely not maintained persistently
 * by the underlying object between sessions.
 */

/**
 * \fn GDALRasterBand::SetMetadataItem( const char * pszName, const char *
 * pszValue, const char * pszDomain) \brief Set single metadata item.
 *
 * CAUTION: depending on the format, older values of the updated information
 * might still be found in the file in a "ghost" state, even if no longer
 * accessible through the GDAL API. This is for example the case of the GTiff
 * format (this is not a exhaustive list)
 *
 * The C function GDALSetMetadataItem() does the same thing as this method.
 *
 * @param pszName the key for the metadata item to fetch.
 * @param pszValue the value to assign to the key.
 * @param pszDomain the domain to set within, use NULL for the default domain.
 *
 * @return CE_None on success, or an error code on failure.
 */

//! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
/************************************************************************/
/*                    EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning()                */
/************************************************************************/

void GDALRasterBand::EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(bool b)
{
    m_bEnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning = b;
}

void GDALEnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(GDALRasterBandH hBand, bool b)
{
    GDALRasterBand::FromHandle(hBand)->EnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning(b);
}

//! @endcond

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetMetadataItem()                          */
/************************************************************************/

const char *GDALRasterBand::GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                            const char *pszDomain)
{
    // TODO (GDAL 4.0?): remove this when GDAL 3.7 has been widely adopted.
    if (m_bEnablePixelTypeSignedByteWarning && eDataType == GDT_Byte &&
        pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "IMAGE_STRUCTURE") &&
        EQUAL(pszName, "PIXELTYPE"))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Starting with GDAL 3.7, PIXELTYPE=SIGNEDBYTE is no longer "
                 "used to signal signed 8-bit raster. Change your code to "
                 "test for the new GDT_Int8 data type instead.");
    }
    return GDALMajorObject::GetMetadataItem(pszName, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     GDALMDArrayFromRasterBand                        */
/************************************************************************/

class GDALMDArrayFromRasterBand final : public GDALMDArray
{
    CPL_DISALLOW_COPY_ASSIGN(GDALMDArrayFromRasterBand)

    GDALDataset *m_poDS;
    GDALRasterBand *m_poBand;
    GDALExtendedDataType m_dt;
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALDimension>> m_dims{};
    std::string m_osUnit;
    std::vector<GByte> m_pabyNoData{};
    std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> m_varX{};
    std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> m_varY{};
    std::string m_osFilename{};

    bool ReadWrite(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, const GUInt64 *arrayStartIdx,
                   const size_t *count, const GInt64 *arrayStep,
                   const GPtrDiff_t *bufferStride,
                   const GDALExtendedDataType &bufferDataType,
                   void *pBuffer) const;

  protected:
    GDALMDArrayFromRasterBand(GDALDataset *poDS, GDALRasterBand *poBand)
        : GDALAbstractMDArray(std::string(),
                              std::string(poDS->GetDescription()) +
                                  CPLSPrintf(" band %d", poBand->GetBand())),
          GDALMDArray(std::string(),
                      std::string(poDS->GetDescription()) +
                          CPLSPrintf(" band %d", poBand->GetBand())),
          m_poDS(poDS), m_poBand(poBand),
          m_dt(GDALExtendedDataType::Create(poBand->GetRasterDataType())),
          m_osUnit(poBand->GetUnitType()), m_osFilename(poDS->GetDescription())
    {
        m_poDS->Reference();

        int bHasNoData = false;
        if (m_poBand->GetRasterDataType() == GDT_Int64)
        {
            const auto nNoData = m_poBand->GetNoDataValueAsInt64(&bHasNoData);
            if (bHasNoData)
            {
                m_pabyNoData.resize(m_dt.GetSize());
                GDALCopyWords(&nNoData, GDT_Int64, 0, &m_pabyNoData[0],
                              m_dt.GetNumericDataType(), 0, 1);
            }
        }
        else if (m_poBand->GetRasterDataType() == GDT_UInt64)
        {
            const auto nNoData = m_poBand->GetNoDataValueAsUInt64(&bHasNoData);
            if (bHasNoData)
            {
                m_pabyNoData.resize(m_dt.GetSize());
                GDALCopyWords(&nNoData, GDT_UInt64, 0, &m_pabyNoData[0],
                              m_dt.GetNumericDataType(), 0, 1);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            const auto dfNoData = m_poBand->GetNoDataValue(&bHasNoData);
            if (bHasNoData)
            {
                m_pabyNoData.resize(m_dt.GetSize());
                GDALCopyWords(&dfNoData, GDT_Float64, 0, &m_pabyNoData[0],
                              m_dt.GetNumericDataType(), 0, 1);
            }
        }

        const int nXSize = poBand->GetXSize();
        const int nYSize = poBand->GetYSize();

        auto poSRS = m_poDS->GetSpatialRef();
        std::string osTypeY;
        std::string osTypeX;
        std::string osDirectionY;
        std::string osDirectionX;
        if (poSRS && poSRS->GetAxesCount() == 2)
        {
            const auto &mapping = poSRS->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
            OGRAxisOrientation eOrientation1 = OAO_Other;
            poSRS->GetAxis(nullptr, 0, &eOrientation1);
            OGRAxisOrientation eOrientation2 = OAO_Other;
            poSRS->GetAxis(nullptr, 1, &eOrientation2);
            if (eOrientation1 == OAO_East && eOrientation2 == OAO_North)
            {
                if (mapping == std::vector<int>{1, 2})
                {
                    osTypeY = GDAL_DIM_TYPE_HORIZONTAL_Y;
                    osDirectionY = "NORTH";
                    osTypeX = GDAL_DIM_TYPE_HORIZONTAL_X;
                    osDirectionX = "EAST";
                }
            }
            else if (eOrientation1 == OAO_North && eOrientation2 == OAO_East)
            {
                if (mapping == std::vector<int>{2, 1})
                {
                    osTypeY = GDAL_DIM_TYPE_HORIZONTAL_Y;
                    osDirectionY = "NORTH";
                    osTypeX = GDAL_DIM_TYPE_HORIZONTAL_X;
                    osDirectionX = "EAST";
                }
            }
        }

        m_dims = {std::make_shared<GDALDimensionWeakIndexingVar>(
                      "/", "Y", osTypeY, osDirectionY, nYSize),
                  std::make_shared<GDALDimensionWeakIndexingVar>(
                      "/", "X", osTypeX, osDirectionX, nXSize)};

        double adfGeoTransform[6];
        if (m_poDS->GetGeoTransform(adfGeoTransform) == CE_None &&
            adfGeoTransform[2] == 0 && adfGeoTransform[4] == 0)
        {
            m_varX = GDALMDArrayRegularlySpaced::Create(
                "/", "X", m_dims[1], adfGeoTransform[0], adfGeoTransform[1],
                0.5);
            m_dims[1]->SetIndexingVariable(m_varX);

            m_varY = GDALMDArrayRegularlySpaced::Create(
                "/", "Y", m_dims[0], adfGeoTransform[3], adfGeoTransform[5],
                0.5);
            m_dims[0]->SetIndexingVariable(m_varY);
        }
    }

    bool IRead(const GUInt64 *arrayStartIdx, const size_t *count,
               const GInt64 *arrayStep, const GPtrDiff_t *bufferStride,
               const GDALExtendedDataType &bufferDataType,
               void *pDstBuffer) const override
    {
        return ReadWrite(GF_Read, arrayStartIdx, count, arrayStep, bufferStride,
                         bufferDataType, pDstBuffer);
    }

    bool IWrite(const GUInt64 *arrayStartIdx, const size_t *count,
                const GInt64 *arrayStep, const GPtrDiff_t *bufferStride,
                const GDALExtendedDataType &bufferDataType,
                const void *pSrcBuffer) override
    {
        return ReadWrite(GF_Write, arrayStartIdx, count, arrayStep,
                         bufferStride, bufferDataType,
                         const_cast<void *>(pSrcBuffer));
    }

  public:
    ~GDALMDArrayFromRasterBand()
    {
        m_poDS->ReleaseRef();
    }

    static std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> Create(GDALDataset *poDS,
                                               GDALRasterBand *poBand)
    {
        auto array(std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArrayFromRasterBand>(
            new GDALMDArrayFromRasterBand(poDS, poBand)));
        array->SetSelf(array);
        return array;
    }

    bool IsWritable() const override
    {
        return m_poDS->GetAccess() == GA_Update;
    }

    const std::string &GetFilename() const override
    {
        return m_osFilename;
    }

    const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALDimension>> &
    GetDimensions() const override
    {
        return m_dims;
    }

    const GDALExtendedDataType &GetDataType() const override
    {
        return m_dt;
    }

    const std::string &GetUnit() const override
    {
        return m_osUnit;
    }

    const void *GetRawNoDataValue() const override
    {
        return m_pabyNoData.empty() ? nullptr : m_pabyNoData.data();
    }

    double GetOffset(bool *pbHasOffset,
                     GDALDataType *peStorageType) const override
    {
        int bHasOffset = false;
        double dfRes = m_poBand->GetOffset(&bHasOffset);
        if (pbHasOffset)
            *pbHasOffset = CPL_TO_BOOL(bHasOffset);
        if (peStorageType)
            *peStorageType = GDT_Unknown;
        return dfRes;
    }

    double GetScale(bool *pbHasScale,
                    GDALDataType *peStorageType) const override
    {
        int bHasScale = false;
        double dfRes = m_poBand->GetScale(&bHasScale);
        if (pbHasScale)
            *pbHasScale = CPL_TO_BOOL(bHasScale);
        if (peStorageType)
            *peStorageType = GDT_Unknown;
        return dfRes;
    }

    std::shared_ptr<OGRSpatialReference> GetSpatialRef() const override
    {
        auto poSrcSRS = m_poDS->GetSpatialRef();
        if (!poSrcSRS)
            return nullptr;
        auto poSRS = std::shared_ptr<OGRSpatialReference>(poSrcSRS->Clone());

        auto axisMapping = poSRS->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
        constexpr int iYDim = 0;
        constexpr int iXDim = 1;
        for (auto &m : axisMapping)
        {
            if (m == 1)
                m = iXDim + 1;
            else if (m == 2)
                m = iYDim + 1;
            else
                m = 0;
        }
        poSRS->SetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping(axisMapping);
        return poSRS;
    }

    std::vector<GUInt64> GetBlockSize() const override
    {
        int nBlockXSize = 0;
        int nBlockYSize = 0;
        m_poBand->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);
        return std::vector<GUInt64>{static_cast<GUInt64>(nBlockYSize),
                                    static_cast<GUInt64>(nBlockXSize)};
    }

    class MDIAsAttribute : public GDALAttribute
    {
        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALDimension>> m_dims{};
        const GDALExtendedDataType m_dt = GDALExtendedDataType::CreateString();
        std::string m_osValue;

      public:
        MDIAsAttribute(const std::string &name, const std::string &value)
            : GDALAbstractMDArray(std::string(), name),
              GDALAttribute(std::string(), name), m_osValue(value)
        {
        }

        const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALDimension>> &
        GetDimensions() const override
        {
            return m_dims;
        }

        const GDALExtendedDataType &GetDataType() const override
        {
            return m_dt;
        }

        bool IRead(const GUInt64 *, const size_t *, const GInt64 *,
                   const GPtrDiff_t *,
                   const GDALExtendedDataType &bufferDataType,
                   void *pDstBuffer) const override
        {
            const char *pszStr = m_osValue.c_str();
            GDALExtendedDataType::CopyValue(&pszStr, m_dt, pDstBuffer,
                                            bufferDataType);
            return true;
        }
    };

    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALAttribute>>
    GetAttributes(CSLConstList) const override
    {
        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<GDALAttribute>> res;
        auto papszMD = m_poBand->GetMetadata();
        for (auto iter = papszMD; iter && iter[0]; ++iter)
        {
            char *pszKey = nullptr;
            const char *pszValue = CPLParseNameValue(*iter, &pszKey);
            if (pszKey && pszValue)
            {
                res.emplace_back(
                    std::make_shared<MDIAsAttribute>(pszKey, pszValue));
            }
            CPLFree(pszKey);
        }
        return res;
    }
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ReadWrite()                               */
/************************************************************************/

bool GDALMDArrayFromRasterBand::ReadWrite(
    GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, const GUInt64 *arrayStartIdx, const size_t *count,
    const GInt64 *arrayStep, const GPtrDiff_t *bufferStride,
    const GDALExtendedDataType &bufferDataType, void *pBuffer) const
{
    constexpr size_t iDimX = 1;
    constexpr size_t iDimY = 0;
    return GDALMDRasterIOFromBand(m_poBand, eRWFlag, iDimX, iDimY,
                                  arrayStartIdx, count, arrayStep, bufferStride,
                                  bufferDataType, pBuffer);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GDALMDRasterIOFromBand()                       */
/************************************************************************/

bool GDALMDRasterIOFromBand(GDALRasterBand *poBand, GDALRWFlag eRWFlag,
                            size_t iDimX, size_t iDimY,
                            const GUInt64 *arrayStartIdx, const size_t *count,
                            const GInt64 *arrayStep,
                            const GPtrDiff_t *bufferStride,
                            const GDALExtendedDataType &bufferDataType,
                            void *pBuffer)
{
    const auto eDT(bufferDataType.GetNumericDataType());
    const auto nDTSize(GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDT));
    const int nX =
        arrayStep[iDimX] > 0
            ? static_cast<int>(arrayStartIdx[iDimX])
            : static_cast<int>(arrayStartIdx[iDimX] -
                               (count[iDimX] - 1) * -arrayStep[iDimX]);
    const int nY =
        arrayStep[iDimY] > 0
            ? static_cast<int>(arrayStartIdx[iDimY])
            : static_cast<int>(arrayStartIdx[iDimY] -
                               (count[iDimY] - 1) * -arrayStep[iDimY]);
    const int nSizeX = static_cast<int>(count[iDimX] * ABS(arrayStep[iDimX]));
    const int nSizeY = static_cast<int>(count[iDimY] * ABS(arrayStep[iDimY]));
    GByte *pabyBuffer = static_cast<GByte *>(pBuffer);
    int nStrideXSign = 1;
    if (arrayStep[iDimX] < 0)
    {
        pabyBuffer += (count[iDimX] - 1) * bufferStride[iDimX] * nDTSize;
        nStrideXSign = -1;
    }
    int nStrideYSign = 1;
    if (arrayStep[iDimY] < 0)
    {
        pabyBuffer += (count[iDimY] - 1) * bufferStride[iDimY] * nDTSize;
        nStrideYSign = -1;
    }

    return poBand->RasterIO(eRWFlag, nX, nY, nSizeX, nSizeY, pabyBuffer,
                            static_cast<int>(count[iDimX]),
                            static_cast<int>(count[iDimY]), eDT,
                            static_cast<GSpacing>(
                                nStrideXSign * bufferStride[iDimX] * nDTSize),
                            static_cast<GSpacing>(
                                nStrideYSign * bufferStride[iDimY] * nDTSize),
                            nullptr) == CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            AsMDArray()                               */
/************************************************************************/

/** Return a view of this raster band as a 2D multidimensional GDALMDArray.
 *
 * The band must be linked to a GDALDataset. If this dataset is not already
 * marked as shared, it will be, so that the returned array holds a reference
 * to it.
 *
 * If the dataset has a geotransform attached, the X and Y dimensions of the
 * returned array will have an associated indexing variable.
 *
 * This is the same as the C function GDALRasterBandAsMDArray().
 *
 * The "reverse" method is GDALMDArray::AsClassicDataset().
 *
 * @return a new array, or nullptr.
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.1
 */
std::shared_ptr<GDALMDArray> GDALRasterBand::AsMDArray() const
{
    if (!poDS)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Band not attached to a dataset");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (!poDS->GetShared())
    {
        poDS->MarkAsShared();
    }
    return GDALMDArrayFromRasterBand::Create(
        poDS, const_cast<GDALRasterBand *>(this));
}
